Women during the 1780s :: essays research papers

â€Å"Her name is Louise Pierce. She was born in 1770. She is able to perform all tasks around the house. Louise will be sold as a single slave today and I start bidding at five dollars.† That was the last thing Louise heard before my husband Thomas and I, Sarah bought her as our slave. Louise had no idea that she would be working a very low wage at all hours of the day. She was required to wake up at 6 am, prepare breakfast followed by doing the wash until lunch, which she prepared. After lunch, Louise was to clean the kitchen, run any errands of my choice and begin preparing dinner with myself. She usually stopped working around 9 pm, which is when Thomas and I would reside for the night. Although Louise was only 15, she was very smart and intuitive. She was able to sew, cook, clean, and manage our household very well for being so young. Louise had the potential to be a very smart young lady but unfortunately due to her skin color, she was not allowed to be educated. My husband Thomas is a very old fashioned man who believed in whites holding all the power in our nation. He would never see it in any other light. I think most of his oppression comes from fighting in the revolutionary war. He clearly showed his views through his actions towards our slaves. He would physically abuse Louise if she were to speak when she wasn’t spoken to or mess up on any sort of task. I never defended Louise but I felt her pain in my heart. I would not dare speak out against my husband. His views were my views and even If I felt different, I had no place saying it as nothing would come of it anyway. Thomas never wanted children. He is too selfish with his money. Our tobacco plantation is probably one of the best around our parts. Thomas isn’t exactly subtle when it comes to being humble about our money either. We are very well known as Thomas is a member of many political and social groups. We both attend church every Sunday in our best outfits and host dinner parties annually. Life wasn’t as grand as it looked on the outside. Thomas and I had different views on life. He was for slavery and white supremacy and I believed in equal rights for all human beings.

Organizational Culture Essay

It is extensively acknowledge that organizational culture plays an increasingly essential role in a successful company. However, in the meanwhile whether organizational culture should be changed constitutes a controversial issue. Many managers assert that organizational culture must be changed while few others argue that organizational culture needs not to be changed. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the former view. In this essay, firstly, I will talk about what is organizational culture and what do organizational cultures do. In the second place, I will discuss why organizational culture should be changed. Thirdly, I will analyze the risks of organizational culture change. Finally, I will expatiate how to prevent risks of organizational culture change. What is organizational culture? A number of years back, I watched an American reality television The Apprentice, and I remember a player was asked what he thought organizational culture mean by Doanld Trump. He said: â€Å"I can’t express it, however,I get it when I see it. † Most people cannot define organizational culture accurately by concise word. However there seems to be widely recognized that organizational culture indicates a system of shared meaning held by members that distinguishes the organization from other organizations. (Becker, 1982, pp. 513-27; and Schein 1985 p. 168) This shared system meaning is, on further investigation, a series of important features that the organization values. The investigation advises that there are seven main features that, gather up the threads, constitute the essence of an organizational culture. (Reilly III, Chatman, Jehn, 1991, pp. 487-516; and Chatman, Jehn, 1994, pp. 522-553; Ashkanasy, Wilderom, Peterson, 2000) 1. Innovation and adventure: the extent to which employees are encouraged to be make innovations and adventure. 2. Detail oriented: the extent to which employees are anticipated to exhibit meticulous, analysis and detail oriented. 3. Attention to outcome: the extent to which management attach importance to results or outcomes rather than on the skills and processes used to achieve those outcomes. Attention to people: the extent to which management decision take into regard the influence of results on people within the organization. 5. Attention to team: the extent to which job activities are organized around teams rather than individuals. . Aggressiveness: the extent to which people are aggressive and competitive rather than easygoing 7. Stability: the extent to which organizational activities stress keeping the status quo by comparison to growth and development. There is no denying that organizational culture is just a descriptive concept, because of organizational culture is paid attention to how employees perceive the features of their organization’s culture, not with whether or not they like it. Furthermore, it is obvious that a company cannot have only one organizational culture. As we know, there are many employees who have different background or at different levels in a company, so they must have different perspective with organizational culture. In the mean time, there are two different cultures in one company, dominant culture and subculture. Dominant culture describes the core values that are shared by a most of the employees, when we talk about an organizational culture, we are referring to its dominant culture; In general, subculture develop in a big company to reflex conjunct problems, situations or experiences that staff meet. What do cultures do? Culture has a variety of functions in an organization. First, it creates distinctions between one organization and others. Second, it expresses a sense of identity for employees. Third, it precipitates employees not only care one’s individual self-interest, but also care whole organizational interest. Fourth, it improves the stability of the organization. Finally, culture serves as a sense- making and control mechanism that guides and shapes the attitudes and behavior of employees. (Reilly, Chatman, Staw, Cummings, 1996). Why organizational culture should be changed? Compelling arguments can be made that organizational culture should be changed, immediately. The first point with respect to this is that our society is advancing at an amazing speed in this day and age, more and more organizations face a dynamic and changing environment. As a consequence, all organizations must adapt to the changeable society. ‘Change or die! ’ is the rallying cry among today’s manager worldwide. In the second place, with the development of technology and science, the sense of distance between people getting closer, our world became a multicultural environment. Therefore, many companies have to do adjustment to adapt environment. More precisely, many companies must spend large amount of money and much energy on training to improve skills of employees. Last but not least, in this world, competition is a part of our lives, never disappear. Especially in the business society, the weaks are the prey of the strongs, increasing competition makes it inevitable for builded organizations to defend themselves against both traditional competitors who develop new products and services, and small entrepreneurial firms with innovative offerings. This makes sense in that a good organization will be the ones that can change according to the competition. They followed the steps of the times, able to develop new products quickly and put them on the market. They accelerate production operations, shortened product cycle and constantly produce new products that can adapt to radically-changing environment. The risks of organizational culture On the other hand, colorable arguments can be made that organizational culture should not to be changed. This argument has considerable merit in that every little change can bring huge risks, especially for a business organization. For example, a change is scheduled and employees as soon as possible respond by voicing complaints, demotivation, even threatening go on strike and so on. In general, risk can be divided two big parts, individual risks and organizational risks. Individual sources of risk belong to primary human characteristics such as consciousness, characteristics and requirements. There are five different risks in individual resources. Custom (Habit): Do you go to school or work always through same route every day? Most people’s answer: â€Å"Yes! † Our lives are so complicated, we have to make hundreds of decisions. Therefore, face to life’s complexities, we lean upon habits or programmed responses. However, when faced with change, this tendency to respond in our usual ways becomes a source of risk. For instance, when your department moves to another new building, it means you have to change your habits: get up earlier ten minutes; pass a new street go to work; look for a new parking; adapt to new office’s overall arrangement and so on. . Security: People with a high need for security are likely to resist change because it threatens their feelings of safety. For example, when Sony&Ericsson announced to lay off 17000 employees or Ford will introduce new robots, these employees feel their job unsafe. 3. Economic: Changes in work tasks or job specification can lead to economic fears if people are cared that they would not be able to adapt to new tasks or standards, especially when reward is closely related to productivity. 4. Fear of the unknown: Change replaces vagueness and indetermination for the unknown. When we graduated from high school ready enter university was a wonderful example. In high school, we understood that what things need to do, you maybe dislike high school life, but at least, you know this system. We faced a fresh and uncertainty system in university, you have to sacrifice your know to exchange unknown, it was associated with uncertainty fears. 5. Selective information processing: Individuals are sinful of selective processing information in the cause of maintain their whole consciousness. They hear what they want to hear and they ignore information that challenges the world they have created. Organization is conservative for its essentially, it resist change energetically. (Hall, 1987) This phenomenon can be seen everywhere, for example, governmental agencies want to continue devote oneself to their work, no matter what the market need to change; The organized religion has ineradicable history, changing religious doctrine need great perseverance and patience; Many business companies also think change can bring many risks. There are six organizational sources of risk. (Katz, Kahn, 1978) 1. Structural inertia: Organizations keep their stability by inner mechanism, like their selection processes that choose employees in or out very systematically; Training and other socialize technology strengthen requests and skills for every concrete role; Organizational normalization provides job specifications, rules and regulations to employees. After selection, the satisfactory employees can enter organization, then, organization will model and guide their behaviors by kind of way. When an organization is meted with change, this structural inertia act as risk (even counterbalance) to maintain stability. 2. Limited Change attention: Organizations are made up of a quantity of interdependent subsystems. One cannot be changed without influencing the others. More exactly, in the meantime, organizations just change technological process, and not change organizational structure for match it, so technological change cannot adapt to. It seems that limited change in subsystems tend to be nullified by the lager system. 3. Group inertness: Even though individuals want to change their behavior, group criterion may act as a force of constraint. For instance, an unionist maybe accept job change from capital, but if union regulation provide that resist any change by capital unilaterally change, therefore risk will appear. 4. Threat to professional knowledge: Changes in organizational model may threaten the expertise of specialized groups. In 1980s, the process of adopting distributed personal computer was a good example. This computer can let user direct got information from host computer of company, but it encountered many information departments’ counterview. Why, because the use distributed computers can bring risks for special technology of information departments. 5. Threat to established power relationships: Any reapportionment of decision-making power can threaten long-established power relationships within organization. Participative decision and self-management work team are belong to this change, it used to be threaten by low-level managers. 6. Threat to established resource distributions: Groups in the organization that control considerable resources see change as a risk. They tend to be gratify with the way things are. For instance, whether change means their budget or members decreasing? Those groups which can get much benefit from existing resource allocations used to be threaten by future allocations. How to prevent risks of organizational culture change? Although Organizational change brings many risks, in some ways, this is positive. It regulates a degree of stability and predictability to behavior. If there were not some risks, organizational behavior would take on the representatives of chaotic randomness. According to these risks, there were six tactics have been suggested for use by change planners in dealing with preventing risks. (Kotter, Schlesinger, 1979) 1. Education and Communication: Risk can be reduced through communicating with employees to help them understand the logic of a change. The fundamental assumption of this strategy is the reason of producing risks that fights the effects of misinformation and miscommunication; if employees see all facts and eliminate entire misread, risks should disappear. Our communication could through talk personally, group discussion, memorandum, report and so on. Indeed, research shows that the way the need for change is sold matters-change is more likely when the necessity of changing is packaged properly. (Dutton, Ashford, O’Neill, Lawrence, 2001) By the way, when the risk of change definitely from miscommunication and labor relations character by mutual trust, this tactic does work; if these conditions cannot be have, it does not work. 2. Participation: It is difficult for individuals to hit back a change decision in which they participated. Before changing, those opposed can be brought into the decision process. Presuming that the participants have the professional knowledge to make a meaningful contribution, their participation can reduce risk, obtain promise, and improve the quality of change decision. However, this tactic has two disadvantages. First, it maybe has potential poor decision; second, it would take much time. 3. Support and Promotion: Change planners can provide a range of supportive measures to reduce risk. When employees feel fear and worried, the company should offer recommendation and counseling psychology, new-technologies training or a short paid leave of holiday may promote adjustment. Research on middle managers has shown that when managers or employees have low emotional commitment to change, they favor the status quo and resist it. (Huy, 2002, pp. 31-69) 4. Negotiation: Another way for the change planner to cope with potential risk to change is to exchange something valuable for waken risk. For example, if the risk is concentrated in some powerful individuals, a detailed payment scheme can be negotiated that will satisfy their individual needs. Negotiation as a tactic may be necessary when risk comes from a powerful provenience. But, planner cannot ignore its potentially high costs. On the side, if change planner negotiates with one party to avoid risk, he or she is open to the possibility of being extorted by other individuals which have power. 5. Control and Cooptation: Manipulation deal with concealed influence attempts. Some illustration of this are twisting and misinterpretation facts to make them more attractive, blocking undesirable information, and creating rumors to get employees to accept change. If managers threatens to closed down a extraordinary manufacturing plant if that plant’s employees do not accept an across-the-board pay cut, and if the threat is actually untrue, managers is using manipulation. Cooptation, on the other side, is a mode of both manipulation and participation. It try to find ‘buy off’ the leaders of against group by giving them an important role in the change decision. The leader’s suggestion is explored, not to seek a good decision, but to get their authorization. Both manipulation and cooptation are comparatively low-cost and easy ways to enhance the support of opponents, but the tactics can backfire if the targets become conscious that they are being tricked or used. If by any chance detected, the change planner’s reputation may drop to zero. It used by change planners in dealing with opponents to change; that is, the application of direct thrusts or force on the opponents. The color is quite mandatory, if the company management indicated to in the previous discussion really is determined to shut down if employees do not agree with a pay cut. Other examples of coercion are threats of transfer, loss of promotions, negative performance appraisal and so on. The advantages and disadvantages coercion are similar to the benefits and drawbacks of manipulation and cooptation. For my part, after considering the arguments above, I would concede that organizational change can bring many risk, the members of conservative not support change. Nevertheless, despite that I think the organizations should be changed, every day is different, anything would be changed as time goes on. Overall, I am convinced that with development of society, managers will discover many effective change plans to adapt to market competition.

Essay on The Importance of Vacations from Work - 674 Words

A typical day in a businessman’s life involves waking up early, grabbing a coffee, racing to the office, and working long stressful hours. Even once he makes it home that night his work usually comes with him via blackberry. Family time is most likely limited to the weekends. Even then, he might still be busy on his phone or checking his emails. Taking a break from such a life by sitting on the beach or touring the world or even sitting at home can have a major effect on your life. People don’t realize how stressful and damaging life can be without vacations. Taking annual vacations are vital to living a healthy and productive life. Life without vacations is a life that many people live with numerous excuses to support their lifestyle†¦show more content†¦Statistics on men also show that those who don’t take vacations frequently have a fifty percent greater chance â€Å"of dying from a heart attack† than those who do vacation more often (Barker, 2 009). Is it worth it to work those extra two weeks a year and risk having a heart attack? Work can be stressful, and constant stress can negatively affect your health. Taking a break from this can only positively affect you. Once a person is taking a vacation it has to be done correctly. By taking along a blackberry or laptop you are gaining absolutely nothing. A vacation is a break from everyday life. Its goal is to escape the stressful components of working. By taking work along with you, you’re defeating the whole purpose. Researchers in Austria found that in an average-sized company fifty-three employees reported â€Å"fewer physical complaints, improved sleep and better mood during vacation as compared to a regular workweek† (Barker, 2009). Aside from the fact that vacations improve your health, it also improves your productivity. People are afraid to take off from work; they think it will lead their employers to question how committed they are to their jobs. In r eality, people are more productive and creative when they come back from vacation. People are also less likely to experience burnout if they vacation frequently (Anonymous, 2007). If people say they can’t afford a vacation, it doesn’t necessarily mean that. They might have the money for it but wouldShow MoreRelatedBenifits of Foreign Travel1674 Words   |  7 Pages [Attention Getter] Taking a vacation is on everybody’s to do list but according to a study conducted by the Families and Work Institute only about half of Americans use their full 2 weeks of vacation each year. [Motivate audience to listen] I found this odd, but when I examined my own life I found I haven’t taken an actual vacation in over 10 years. [Credibility]It just something I’ve always seemed to brush off by saying â€Å"Oh well, I’ll just take a nice vacation next year, but the following yearRead MoreBatna Case Study1489 Words   |  6 Pagesin order of importance. Priority (Rank) Interest 1 Meeting Living Expenses (Food, Clothing and Shelter), Achieving Financial Leeway 2 Gaining Work Experience and a Master’s Degree 3 Having Some Free Time 4 Having a Steady Job 5 Having Long-Term Insurance Benefits What issues are most important to you in your compensation package? List 5 in order of importance. Priority (Rank) Issues (for example, price) 1 Salary Bonus 2 Opportunity for Personal Development 3 Vacation 4 Job StabilityRead MoreHow Can A Staff Nco Anticipate The Outcome Of Current Operations1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthe process from the initial step to the final step required for planning and executing a mission or event. So for this I am going to use going on vacation with my family. To start my family will receive the mission from me that we are going on vacation to locations X. A warno is given with additional information is given such as timeline that we will be there and the weather as well as activities that will happen during this time. Mission analysis is covered with restating the vacation plans andRead MoreEmail Assignment Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesThere is a very professional crew here which I work with. Here is the one thing that I would like to ask you if possible have a salary raise in a new year. Warmly Wishes! Betul MESSAGE 2 Sender: Margaret Harris, HR Manager BCC To: All employees Date: October 1, 20xx Subject: Important Policy Change: Vacation Schedule Message: Good morning! Effective immediately, there has been a change to the vacation policy. Any vacation requests for January through April must be turnedRead MoreTrader Joe s S Seafood Sustainability Scorecard1378 Words   |  6 PagesTrader Joe’s is known for their unique grocery shopping experience. From their friendly employees donning Hawaiian shirts to their selection of great tasting, well priced foods, Trader Joe’s is the place to be, either as an employee or customer. As an employee for Trader Joe’s, one earns more money than employees at other major grocery stores, and one receives benefits such as vision, medical, and dental insurance, paid vacations, company paid retirement, and an employee discount of 10%. As a customerRead MoreStudent Choices Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesother chain grocers. Trader Joe’s provide benefits include medical, dental, and vision insurance, company paid retirement, paid vacation and 10% employee discount. Through these benefit, Trader Joe’s achieve its objective to give 100% job satisfaction to its employees. In relation with the job performance, when the employees happy with such benefit, they are willing to work hard to achieve higher performance. Traders Joe’s also recruits people with the effective managerial skills which are the combinationRead MoreLeadership Analysis : Marriott Aruba882 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Yukl (Yukl, 2013) one of the many definitions of leadership is â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable other to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organization†. Therefore it is of importance to have an effective leader in an organization to guide the company in the correct direction, in order to achieve the company’s’ main goal. The purpose of this paper is to perform an analysis on the leadership situation within Marriott Aruba. This leadershipRead MorePrinciples Of Stratification On Society1547 Words   |  7 Pagesthem to work harder and more efficiently with the hopes of gaining access to higher social classes or positions. For example, you can compare this idea to work and seniority: Cashiers at a grocery store may work harder and do their best at their job to show their bosses that they deserve a raise and/or to be promoted to a higher position such as a manager. Davis and Moore also argue that the positions within the highest rank and best rewards are the ones which â€Å"a) have the greatest importance for theRead MoreAmerican School Districts Should Implement A Longer School Year1246 Words   |  5 Pagesdebate over whether or not American school districts should implement a longer school year. This would mean taking a month away from summer vacation, which is regularly over two months. It is con troversial because some argue that it would take away from family time and that school districts simply cannot afford to do it. Although most children would prefer more vacation time, a longer school year would tremendously benefit them in the imminent future. A longer school year would develop disciplineRead MoreMy Vacation - Original Vacation1472 Words   |  6 Pageswas a child, every summer the majority of my friends would go on vacations. Some would go down to the Lake of the Ozarks or halfway across the county to New York or California. They would get the opportunity to do unique activities such as bungee jumping, skydiving or scuba diving. I was constantly envious of them because I always imagined having a family vacation which I felt was never going to happen. Having a week or so away from the house and the opportunity to do activities I have never done

The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy - 1654 Words

The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy The theater of the Roman Empire was very similar to that of the Greek theater. Masks were worn by the actors to amplify their voices and to allow some actors to play two different roles, and women were not allowed to have roles in the theater. Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence borrowed comedic stories from the Greek theater, â€Å"Romanizing† them in the process. For instance, Terence wrote a play called Heauton Timorumenos or The Self-Tormentor. A Greek comedic playwright named Menander wrote a play with the same title. Since Menander’s version is lost, historians aren’t sure how original Terence’s version is. We can suspect that at least some of Terence’s version is merely a translation†¦show more content†¦Another slave, Trachalio comes along, though, and claims that if Gripus doesn’t split the treasure with him, then he will report Gripus to the original owner of the treasure. Gripus argues that the treasure is his because the sea belongs to no one, and consequently that which is recovered from the sea belongs to the finder. Trachalio suggests they settle the argument by talking to Gripus’ owner Daemones. Daemones sides with Trachalio, who wanted the treasure not for himself, but for the original owner, Palaestra. Daemones then chides Gripus for his selfishness, â€Å"Daemones angrily sends him into the house and complains about the poor quality of slaves; luckily, he reflects, Gripus didn’t meet another like himself, or both would have been implicated in the crime,† (Konstan 84). Trachalio is the cunning slave in this example, and he, like Tyndarus, is not motivated by selfish reasons, but by doing what is right. This is the reason why the cunning slave is celebrated in Roman Theater. Duckworth describes the attitude of this slave as, â€Å"the freedom and insolence of the comic slaves, their immunity from serious punishment, their happy-go-luck existence†¦combine to paint a picture of slave life that bears little relation to reality,† (Duckworth 290). In his essay entitle Comic Shackles, Ulrike Roth elaborates on this point saying, â€Å"ButShow MoreRelatedHow Plautus And Terence Write Slave Characters1200 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Terentian and Plautine comedies have several similarities and differences; this is most evident what examining how Plautus and Terence write slave characters. Since slavery was a prominent institution in the Roman Empire, Slavery and slave stock characters commonly appeared in both Roman’s plays. Despite adapting similar works and using similar stock characters, there are major differences between slaves in Terentian comedy and slaves in Plautine comedy. Many authors have attempted to explainRead MoreRoman Slavery And The Works Of Plautus1440 Words   |  6 PagesRoman Slavery as Seen in the Works of Plautus Slavery was extremely common in ancient Rome. In fact, 25% of the population was thought to be slaves. Prominent men in society could host up to five hundred slaves. Emperors would have almost twenty thousand slaves at their court. People could become slaves in many ways. The most common way to become a slave was through piracy. But a huge number of slaves became slaves as war captives as well. Other ways to become a slave were by being born into slaveryRead MoreShakespeares Comedy of Errors and Plautus Menaechmi and Amphitruo3569 Words   |  15 PagesShakespeares Comedy of Errors and Plautus Menaechmi and Amphitruo One of Shakespeares earliest plays (its first recorded performance in December 1594), The Comedy of Errors has frequently been dismissed as pure farce, unrepresentative of the playwrights later efforts. While Errors may very well contain farcical elements, it is a complex, layered work that draws upon and reinterprets Plautine comedy. Shakespeare combines aspects of these Latin plays with biblical source material, chieflyRead More Women in the Apology of Socrates Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesby the Greeks as part of the male sphere of things, and so there were certainly no women in Socratess jury; but it is hard to know whether there were any in the audience. There has been some dispute about whether women attended Greek plays, the comedies and tragedies, when they were staged -- though there are references by Plato to women in theater audiences. We have this difficulty in part because it was not considered proper for strangers to address respectable women in public. The dev ice of addressingRead MoreA Jewel Through The Decades : The Sapphire2498 Words   |  10 Pagesput is the 21st century Sapphire; now historically the Sapphire has always been a malignant stereotype to portray black women for the enjoyment and satisfaction of the dominant people of the country. She is a domineering woman whom seeks to usurp the role of men and claim it for herself. She has a powerful, overbearing nature like that of the â€Å"Mammy† caricature but is void of her caring nature. Simply put the Sapphire is masculine, dominating and angry, devoid of tenderness. The Sapphire is one ofRead MoreThe Battle Of The Punic Wars3659 Words   |  15 PagesPunic Wars were a defining moment in the expansion of the Roman Republic, with the Second Punic War (218 – 201 BC (Grant, 1960)) playing the part of a corner stone in the bridge to create the powerful Roman Empire. Moreover, this was the first time that Rome had expanded into territories outside of Italy which wa s pivotal in the development of the Roman Republic, and furthermore the Rome Empire, as it marks the beginning of an imperial Roman power (Rickard, 2001). Accordingly, this war has capturedRead MoreAphra Behn - Gender Economics in the Rover3540 Words   |  15 Pageseven if she didn’t enter this particular market – matrimony and the nunnery were also means of buying and selling of women’s ‘wares’. The hymen itself was a commodity, as a woman could only marry if she was a virgin. In fact arguably in Restoration Comedy no witty unmarried was without ‘property and a maidenhead’. Thus, arguably, a woman could not escape being a prostitute in the Restoration Period. As a woman author who thus reflected the trend of women actors entering the world of theatrical productionRead MoreCompare Candide and Tartuffe5528 Words   |  23 PagesIn  Tartuffe, Molieres uses plot to defend and oppose characters that symbolize and ridicule habitual behaviors that was imposed during the neo-classical time period. His work, known as a comedy of manners, consists of flat characters, with few and similar traits and that always restore some kind of peace in the end. He down plays society as a whole by creating a microseism, where everyone in the family has to be obedient, respectful, and mindful of the head of the home, which is played by theRead MoreRenaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance4916 Words   |  20 PagesFrancesco Petrarch—the father of humanism †¢ Wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Horace †¢ Wrote a Latin Epic poem, Africa, a tribute to a Roman general, and biographies of famous Roman men †¢ Sonnets to Laura remains his most famous work †¢ Classical and Christian values coexist in his works Dante Alighieri †¢ Wrote Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than Petrarch’s works Giovanni Boccaccio †¢ Wrote Decameron, a collection of one hundred tales told by three men and sevenRead MoreThe Eighteenth Century : Age Of Enlightenment2647 Words   |  11 Pages Later Enlightenment: Rousseau and the Social Contract: -Did romanticism focus on how human emotion aids or depreciates the value of reason and rational thought? Woman’s Question in Enlightenment: -How did men respond to women’s roles in thinking and creating ideas? Social Environment of Philosophes: -Where these meetings in secret or open to anyone? Culture and Society Enlightenment: Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature: The Development of

`` A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women `` - 908 Words

Where would we be without individuals like John Locke, Isaac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson? Without them, certain elements and ways of thinking that we know today, such as natural rights, would not be evident in society. These individuals were part of a group of philosophers, scientists, and writers who urged for the upbringing of new concepts based on logic. This period was known as the Age of Enlightenment which took place throughout the 18th century in Europe. During this time period, individuals advocated for reason, equality of humanity, and individualism as a way to â€Å"break away† from the obscurity and bewilderment of European thought and replace it with the light of veracity. Throughout the Enlightenment Period, writers began voicing their opinions on controversial topics in order to edify individuals on the problems going on around them. Writers like Mary Wollstonecraft became one of the most controversial writers during this period because of her opinions that went against popular belief. In her essay â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Women† she wrote about topics such as equal education for men and women, giving women rights after marriage, and equality for everyone, but because her opinions were unpopular during that time period she was often mocked. Wollstonecraft touches on various topics referring to equality of men and women, but one of the most prominent ones that she speaks of in this essay is the equality of education between the two. SheShow MoreRelatedA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1560 Words   |  7 Pagesit was not until 1920 that women were granted suffrage. To put that in perspective, in the United States, women have been voting for less than 100 years. With Mary Wollstonecraft’s book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects being published in 1792 and launching 19th century feminism and the fight for women’s rights going since then, many would think that equality would be here by now.Unfortunately, it is not. However, women did receive suffrage in theRead MoreThe Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1369 Words   |  6 Pagesaddresses the work of Mary Wollstonecraft, The Vindication of the Rights of Women. To investigate this, I will first summarize he r work and someone else s interpretation of it, then analyze the author, voice, message and significance, and finally analyze the two works to answer the question, What are the current ideas about your philosopher? How have their ideas influenced us today?. My first souce will be the primary source of the Vindication, and my secondary source will be Matilde MartinRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women981 Words   |  4 Pagessentimental romances, and by the misogynistic images of women perpetuated in, for instance, Milton’s Paradise Lost† (Gilbert Gubar 41). In the second chapter of A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft discusses her frustration when it comes to women’s ignorance. She does not understand why men are frustrated when it comes to the ignorance of women. Women during this time were not raised to be observant or mindful (Wollstonecraft 43). They are taught how to needlepoint or play the pianoRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women921 Words   |  4 Pagesthat another problem has risen. Mary Wollstonecraft, a social and political activist for women’s rights, addressed a letter to a former bishop to present a case of equality in relation to France’s government and societal restrictions imposed on women. As a sequel to her previous piece, â€Å"A Vindication of The rights of Women†, Wollstonecraft took the liberty to propose multiple reasons as to why women’s rights are essential to the well-being of not only men, but also as necessary for society to functionRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1350 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in London played a vital role in setting the foundation for the future of women’s rights in Western Civilization. Not only were barriers broken within London, but they became very influential to the future of the liberation movement for women. Interestingly enough, they are believed to be one of the erectors of modern day feminism. Mary Wollstonecraft was an ebullient advocate for women’s rights during the Enlightenment. During this time period, Wollstonecraft taught a new philosophy regardingRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1924 Words   |  8 Pages In the 18th century, women had virtually no rights. They were not allowed to work or vote. Instead, women were subjected to the household: cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. Consequently, women who were tired of being subjugated by society created the feminist movement. Feminism is the fight for the equality of the sexes. Throughout this fight, there had been several texts written to illuminate the many struggles of women and the ways to resolve these struggles. Among the firstRead MoreEssay on The Vindication of Rights of Women1373 Words   |  6 PagesIn Mary Wollstonecraft’s essay â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Women† she constantly compares men and women. Her comparisons range from their physical nature to their intelligence, and even down to the education that each sex receives. Wollstonecraft states, â€Å"In the government of the physical world it is observable that the female in point of strength is, in general, inferior to the male.†(line 1.35-37) to show that women are inferior to men in physicality, and a number of areasRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women By Mary Wollstonecraft1192 Words   |  5 Pagesplaces upon her. Inspired by the writing, A Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, which demanded equal rights for both men and women, Wollstonecraft published her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, which called for both men and women to realize their roles concerning inequality. The book also allowed for Wollstonecraft to express her ideas and methods for the improvement of equality between the sexes. Vindication went on to print many times throughout the 18th and 19th centuriesRead MoreWomen And Material Things : The Vindication Of The Rights Of Women997 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2 December 6, 2014 Women and Material things The Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft is a compelling arguement that argues for equality for women in society. The Weaver’s Complaint Against the Callico Madams explains outcome of women’s with equal rights would do to society. Sanshiro written by Natsume Soski, focuses the details and experience of his life spent at a prestigious Tokyo University. Three of these readings relate to women and material things because theyRead More Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Women Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesher worth. During the Enlightenment, some women began to question this norm and to voice their unhappiness. The Enlightenment period was an intellectual movement that sought to reform society and advance knowledge (â€Å"Age of Enlightenment†). Even with all of the Enlightenment’s great advancements, women still did not possess many rights. Women continued to be â€Å"oppressed and kept to the private sphere,† separa ted from men (â€Å"Women in the Enlightenment†). Few women challenged these social norms, but a few

The Birth of Protestantism in Europe Free Essays

Protestantism refers to the third branch of Christianity after Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It is comprised of various denominations or groups each with their own set of traditions. This set of traditions is oftentimes unique to a denomination in terms of beliefs, organization and customs making it separate from other Protestant denomination. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birth of Protestantism in Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now This makes Protestantism seem splintered when compared with the very organized structure of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. But one common belief among Protestant denominations is that man can find salvation not through good actions but solely by his faith in Jesus Christ. The first Protestants come out from Europe in the 16th century in what is now called the Reformation. The actual word â€Å"Protestant† was originally coined when five princes of Germany sought reform in the Roman Catholic Church at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. They released a statement pronouncing unity against Roman Catholicism. Later in that century, the word was begun to be used to refer to two factions of reformation that broke away from Roman Catholicism: Lutheranism, founded on Martin Luther’s teachings, and Reformed, founded on the philosophies of Huldrvch Zwingli and John Calvin (McKim, 2005). Zwingli and Calvin headed the Protestant movement in Switzerland while John Knox for Scotland. In England, a middle fusion of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism was created in what is now called Anglicanism or the Church of England. From these major groups or denominations, a lot of smaller groups broke away and presently continue to happen as the movement expanded around the world. By tradition, the origins of Protestantism is traced back to October 31, 1517 when Martin Luther, a Roman Catholic priest that time, posted the â€Å"95 Theses† on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany. The theses condemn aspects of the Roman Catholic Church that he believed to be not founded on Scripture particularly concerning absolution, confession and indulgences. Roman Catholics believe on indulgence as the complete or initial reduction of mortal chastisement owed for sins previously forgiven in confession. The growing practice of selling indulgences was regarded with huge skepticism since it symbolized a monetary transaction instead of an authentic repentance of the person. Luther viewed this as a serious desecration of the real purpose of confessing one’s sins and doing penance. He asserted that Catholics were fallaciously taught that forgiveness can be obtained by paying for indulgences. The Castle Church where Luther nailed his 95 Theses possessed one of the continent’s biggest collections of religious relics at that time. It was maintained that time that viewing these sacred relics gives the onlooker some indulgence in purgatory. The collector of the relics, Frederick III of Saxony, allowed the religious to view the relics once a year and visitors offered donations for the church’s preservation and receive indulgences in return. Another Dominican priest, Johan Tetzel, started to sell indulgences to help in a campaign to help fund St. Peter’s Basilica’s renovation in Rome. When these devout Catholics went to confess their sins, they handed over their indulgences and asserted that they did not have to repent because the indulgence document already guaranteed the forgiveness of their sins. This angered Luther and obliged him in exposing the deception by composing the 95 Theses, which was originally intended to be presented in public debate at the University of Wittenberg. That day on October 31, 1517, was the day when Martin Luther spoke to the Roman Catholic authorities with his reform appeals and introduced his theses. He also asked them to order the members of the clergy to bring an end to the wrongful practice of selling indulgence. The church authorities did not take any action and this led Luther to circulate his work in private. His 95 Theses proliferated swiftly and printing began in Leipzig, Nuremberg and Basel. All of a sudden the content of his work reverberated all over Germany and beyond, having acquired a growing recognition in a short span of time. Luther’s work echoed with believers not considering social status, wealth or class. The Roman Catholic Church released a response and identified errors in Luther’s work but the damage was already done. The Wittenberg chapel started to celebrate Lutheran services in 1522 instead of the Holy Mass in Roman Catholicism. Martin Luther quickly became popular mainly because of the common sentiment of Roman Catholic believers that time that they were not satisfied with the dishonesty and materialistic cravings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Starting in 1525, other principal European cities like Strasbourg, Nuremberg and Augsburg, officially joined the Reformation movement. Soon after, other principal German states like Saxony, Brandenburg and Hesse joined the movement. Denmark established its first Protestant church in 1357 and Sweden followed in 1539. Meanwhile, the final attempt to formally reconcile with the Roman Catholic Church fell short at the Colloquy of Regensburg in 1540 (Iserloh, 1968). The founding of Protestantism was then regarded as fully accomplished. How to cite The Birth of Protestantism in Europe, Papers

Sports Coaching Manchester United Foundation

Questions: 1. Evaluate local community sports development strategies and their implementation in relation to national policy?. 2. Collect and critically analyse data that relates to local and national sport development objectives?. Answer: 1. Evaluation and Implementation of Sports Development Strategies The aim of this assignment is to analyze the development of Manchester United Foundation and explain its role in the development of games. It will evaluate the strategies taken for sports development and their method of implementation. It will describe how the different strategies are in relation to the national policy of the sports foundation. It will critically analyze information related to local and national sports development objectives and goals. The aim is to identify activities in their project that might require support. Based on the finding, review of their operations will be provided. Manchester United Foundation primary purpose is to engage and inspire people through football. Using football they want to unite different communities and deliver a better life to people. There are dedicated staffs in the foundation that gives football coaching and organize educational programs. They give training for personal development and provide better opportunities to people to change their life. Their motto is "Engage. Inspire. Unite.". Aon is the principal partner of Manchester United Foundation, and he works to deliver arrange for a range of programs. His aim is to improve the life of people of Greater Manchester. They also held annual tour overseas to provide football coaching and equipment. Many volunteers have come up as a participant to support their venture. They organize fundraising programs' and till now they have got 1.4 million as resources from different parts of the world. They have held numerous projects in which people have given their time in volunteering for sports (Salcines et al. 2013). Aon and Manchester United work in close partnership to combine their area of expertise and share values to boost individual achievement as well as excel in financial aspects. Their capability to build and prosper in any task is dependent on the following factors- Talent: Their view is that great talent gives better results. So they are investing in finding new talents in and outside UK. They have identified new talents in football, honed their skills and protected them. They also arranged for acknowledgment of achievement of new talent through rewards and merits. Aon has also provided more than 800 employees with insurance, risk and benefits products (Hoye et al. 2015). Health: Health is vital in sports. Manchester United wants sports people and members to stay healthy. They give training to people to make smart choices to protect their health and talent. Aon has helped Manchester United to maximize positive outcomes and sustain success and ability with improved health. They also provide support to them in the form of many benefits in sports (Masterman 2014). Risk: Manchester United identify threats and opportunities in football sports. Knowing about risk and opportunities in sports is essential in order to progress in games. Aon has provided Manchester United with a well-developed risk management programme. The aim of these programmes is to identify the risk, work on eliminating and dominating over the risk (Weinberg and Gould 2014). Capital: In the pursuit of Manchester United's goal and objectives, right capital investment is a prerequisite and crucial thing. So they plan bold moves in this regard and try to invest smartly in the quest for success. Both Aon and Manchester United have their way of raising funds and gaining access to capitals. Both are an expert in their field and know how to secure access to capital and invest it for success (Nicholson et al. 2015). Retirement: Both Aon and Manchester are concerned with the future of football players and their staff. They have different plans to manage the financial security of players. They have strived to give continuity to leadership and excellence. They have strategic planning for future, and they are ready to meet future challenges in sports development (Chadwick and Holt 2015). Data Analytics: Data and analytics are essential part of sports development. Manchester United research every detail about sports to gain and discover valuable insights in the sports world. Aon has empowered Manchester United with world-class data and analysis. This detailed reports and analysis have helped them manage risk and identify new opportunities (Mullin et al. 2014). After analyzing the different activities of Manchester United Foundation, we see that talent search is the main aspect of their sports development. As they are constantly looking for new talents to improve lives of young people, it is identified that Talent identification and development would require support. So there are different strategies to support Manchester United in talent identification. Development of participant is an important aspect of sports development in Manchester United. So support will be provided in the form of helping the foundation identify strength and weakness of individual participants. So the first step is to inquire about biological, psychological and social domain of sports participants. A long-term development model can be prepared to help those youngsters who are poor in sports and hone their skills in football. So the participants performance will be reviewed among three domains-physical, psychological and social domains. The biopsychosocial model is a popular way of characterizing peoples development. This entire three domains has important role in human functioning. Biopsychosocial approach will be new to sports science and it will help in influencing diversity of sports participation. Excellence in sports can be reviewed by two means. One is Elite Referenced Excellence and other is Personal Referenced Excellence. In the first case achievement is measured against others with the goal of winning under highest level possible. In the second case, achievement is measured under personal milestoane and improving personal best performance. The following recommendations and support can be given to Manchester United: Partcipant development should be the primary objective of coaching framework in football. Inter disciplinary research team can be introduce who can research each participants developemnet based on three domains mentioned above. Particpant developemt will be reviewed and evalauated in different context and competitive sports environment. There should be a synergistic relationship between quality and performance. The different policies in Manchester United can be revised according to future goals and sports objectives. All the changes should be informed to concerned parties to boost purpose-driven development. There are sports development strategies to support Manchester United to develop the games. Arrangement can be made for many educational projects for young people in UK. Youngsters can be given education about the inner functions of the football club and how members work to improve skills of the sports person. Different support activities can be undertaken for boosting the confidence of players and teaching them employability and life skills. Implementation of different kinds of innovative programs can be very inspiring for players and staff. For example, a very innovative approach that can be taken is opening of regional talent club for girls. It will provides opportunities to girls to play football at the highest level and develop as international players. Players who are selected for Regional Talent Club will be given intensive training and support in sports development. They make them competitive enough to compete against other clubs (Hylton 2013). There is provision for a program called Move with Manchester United.' It will be a physical literacy program for primary school pupils. Each pupil will be given training on physical literacy and technical and social improvement. There will also be a premiere league work program which will hone young people skills, confidence and experience to make a positive transition into education and sports. It will give them meaningful employment options. These programs will not only improve the employability and financial skills of unemployed people but it will also help them in getting jobs and further education (Mullin et al. 2014). Support can be given in the form of charity work for Manchester United. It will help in assisting clubs charity partner to raise adequate funds for facilitating events throughout the year. This will also promote awareness of their programme among the masses. Theycan fulfill signed item request from charities, schools, and local sporting clubs. Different types of work in this regard is fundraising, signed item request, uniting with Unicef, match day lotteries, etc (Baena 2015). This should be implemented in the beginning stage of the child by making them play sport at school or local clubs (Weed et al. 2015). So UK government feels that increased participation in sports will develop the reputation of the country as a sporting nation and increases the financial growth of the country. One issue is that people tend to leave sports after school and decrease their healthy lifestyle. Through their action, UK government is trying to improve sports participation and development even after school. Their aim is to engage people in sport throughout their life in spite of financial or social background. 2. Critical Analysis of Data Related to Local and National Sport Development Strategies The UK government strategies for increased sports participation are: Funding Sports England to help community sports grow. It includes encouraging youngsters between 14 to 25 years old to keep playing sports throughout their lives. Expanding different school games programmes. The intention is to create more opportunities for the larger number of young people to play and enter competitive sports club (Houlihan and Zheng 2013). Investing a lot of money in sports awareness in schools. They are spending over 450 million in primary schools for improving physical education and sports in primary schools for the period between 2015-2016 (Phillpots and Grix 2014). The UK Government is working with Association for Physical Education (AFPE) and the Youth Sports Trust (YST). AFPE is providing resources and professional support to schools and physical education teachers while YST is providing advice on how to use sports funding properly. It arranges sports programmes for children with special needs. UK Government is also funding Sports England to encourage more people to play the sport. Manchester United also worked in developing and implementing new community sports strategy for the club. So both local and national efforts will benefit the community (Houlihan 2014). So, on the whole, we can see that both local and national development project has helped in improving sports development in the United Kingdom. By the activities and Programmers' of Manchester Unites Foundation, we observed how it was improving the community and lives of people through sports. It has managed to change the life of many individuals with the entry of sport in life. It has given support to people with unemployment and lower education. They have strived to make the world a better place for many people. The UK government is also working in this regard make the country a competitive sports nation. To further enhance their activities, support can be given in the form of volunteering to work with them and enhance their activities further. We could help them with arranging more programmes in school and bring more funds for the foundation. The greater the resources, the more exceptional programmers' may be organized for developing sports. Specific coaching arrangement can be ma de for new talent in sports. The focus on individual with great skill in football will ultimately benefit the nation as whole. When they take part in competitive sports at world level, they have the chance to bring reputed world title for the country by their victory. This will ultimately help in building the status of UK as a sporting nation, and it will bring fame and recognition to the country. Reference Baena, V., 2015. Examining the charitable face of Real Madrid.Routledge Handbook of Sports Marketing, p.369. Chadwick, S. and Holt, M., 2015. Utlising Latent Brand Equity as a Foundation for Building Global Sports Brands. InProceedings of the 2007 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 90-98). Springer International Publishing. Houlihan, B. and Zheng, J., 2013. The Olympics and elite sport policy: Where will it all end?.The International Journal of the History of Sport,30(4), pp.338-355. Hoye, R., Smith, A.C., Nicholson, M. and Stewart, B., 2015.Sport management: principles and applications. Routledge. Hylton, K. ed., 2013.Sports Development. Routledge. Masterman, G., 2014.Strategic sports event management. Routledge. Mullin, B.J., Hardy, S. and Sutton, W., 2014.Sport Marketing 4th Edition. Human Kinetics. Nicholson, M., Kerr, A. and Sherwood, M., 2015.Sport and the media: managing the nexus. Routledge. Phillpots, L. and Grix, J., 2014. New governance and Physical Education and School Sport policy: A case study of School to Club Links.Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy,19(1), pp.76-96. Salcines, J.L.P., Babiak, K. and Walters, G., 2013.Routledge handbook of sport and corporate social responsibility. Routledge. Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Wellard, I., Chatziefstathiou, D., Mansfield, L. and Dowse, S., 2015. The Olympic Games and raising sport participation: a systematic review of evidence and an interrogation of policy for a demonstration effect.European Sport Management Quarterly,15(2), pp.195-226. Weinberg, R.S. and Gould, D., 2014.Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E. Human Kinetics.