Augustine on creation and Aquinas on the existence of God Essay

In Augustine’s writing, The Confessions, he philosophically attempts to answer the problems that arise within religion, specifically in regards to Judeo Christian beliefs, pertaining to God, time, and creation. Augustine first addresses the belief that God created everything. He tries to provide a coherent explanation for his claim that God’s ex-nihilo (â€Å"out of nothing†) creation of the Earth is a sound statement, given that God created everything, and with it time. Thus, the notion of time never existed before its very point of creation. However, given that God created everything, and thus the universe, what was God doing before the universe’s creation that caused him to decide to create it or that it was now necessary as opposed to before. Furthermore, if God even had to make the decision whether or not the universe’s existence was necessary, making him arbitrary, wouldn’t that inherently falsify the claim that God is a perfect being (omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent) and thus is immutable. Augustine objects this claim by stating that God is eternal, in that he is timeless, and so exists outside the realm of time. He is therefore not bound (or defined) by any temporal concept. So, when faced with the problem of what God was doing before he created the universe, Augustine simply claims it is an illogical question. He justifies that if one accepts the belief that God is eternal and created everything, than one can’t logically ask what God was doing at a certain point before the creation of time itself, as it was not yet in existence. Augustine continues the debate on time, by calling its very existence into question. Augustine questions the commonly accepted notion of time by providing his theory of â€Å"presentism,† which basically reduces time into only the present tense. Augustine claims that when people talk in terms of the past, present, and future they’re only really talking about various forms of the present. Augustine tries to explain the various complications that arise when trying to determine the duration of present time. It is difficult to compare two different measurements of time if each period of â€Å"present† time given can be reduced into a minute instance of time that quickly disappears. So, one cannot measure something that has happened, because once it is in the past, it no longer exists. Augustine accepts that their appears to be an irrational aspect of presentism, in that by accepting the present as the only form of time, one would then seemingly have to agree that it wouldn’t make sense to refer to any moment of time occurring in either the past or the future. Augustine rationalizes any reference to the past, by defining it as the minds ability to recall imprinted memories of images left in the mind through the medium of one’s senses. Similarly, the foreseeing of future events is merely the act of prediction based off of things that were already present or previously seen (i.e. the assertion that the sun will rise tomorrow is only based on one’s own previous experience of having already watched the sun rise). Augustine acknowledges the apparent existence of past and future events, and answers the discrepancy by providing alternate terms to use in place of the existing tenses, which are the present of past things, the present of present things, and the present of future things. Furthermore, he redefines the definitions of his terms to mean that the present of past things is memory, the present of present things is attention, and the present of future things is expectation. Augustine continues the problem of measuring time, by recognizing that it would be impossible to measure something, which is not yet real, travels through what doesn’t occupy space, only to become something that is no longer real. He first tries to use the notion that time can be measured in relation to a corporeal object, such as the sun (i.e. a day). Yet, this method is rejected, because if one were to change the time it takes for the sun to rotate the Earth, the time allotted to a day would still remain the same, even if the sun were to set multiple times within a â€Å"days† time frame. Thus, he states that if the motion of any corporeal object is one thing, but the standard in which we measure it is another, time can not based off of any movement of a corporeal object. He then replaces this method of measurement with the example of sound, explaining that because we can measure time based on our voice, surely we can measure any interval of time based off any beginning and end. However, he claims that when measuring any form of sound, we are only measuring the impression the sound left on the mind, and thus are only measuring the impression left, not the time itself. Augustine then deduces that time is only produced from memories of impressions. Thus, time is nothing more than a manmade phenomenon that exists only within the realm of the human mind. He explains that this phenomenon exists within the mind in three different forms of reality. The three realities of the mind are comprised of when the mind expects, attends, or remembers. In other words, that what the mind expects, passes by way of what it attends, into being what it remembers. Furthermore, it is only our attention that endures, through which what is still to be makes its way into the state of where it is no more. Therefore, our attention is continually present, as the future is being passed through the present and changes into the past. Augustine concludes that it is this â€Å"tension† or flow that constitutes time, in that time can only be understood in terms of a manmade psychological phenomenon. For Augustine, his philosophical conclusion that time doesn’t exist in any tangible way but is merely a product of the human mind, justifies the claim that God’s existence is outside the realm of human’s perception of time. Augustine expects that from the acceptance of this notion of time, God’s exemption from time in no way means that he is deficient or more limited than humans in any aspect, but that conversely, he is more powerful. Aquinas Aquinas argues the problem of God’s existence in three ways: First, he addresses whether or not the existence of God is self-evident, second, whether or not his existence can be demonstrated and, finally, whether or not God actually exists. In addressing the issue of whether or not God’s existence is self-evident, Aquinas provides three objections in support of the argument. However, the objections are fundamentally flawed based on the premise that one can intellectually declare God doesn’t exist. However, in response, Aquinas counters this notion by redefining the ways in which something can be self-evident into two different categories. He says something can be self-evident in itself and not to us or both itself and us. Therefore, some concepts involving incorporeal substances can only be learned. Also, because God is His own existence, the proposition is no longer one that is self-evident. Thus, God’s self-evident existence can only be proven through demonstrating the natural things known to us, such as his affects; or, it is simply a prima fascie presumption. Aquinas provides the objections to his assertion, which accepts the fact that not everyone defines happiness or God in the same ways, or that Primal Truths are self-evident. Aquinas then discusses whether or not God’s existence can be proven by demonstration. He provides the objection that it can’t, on the fact that God’s existence is based entirely on faith, and that His essence can only be defined in terms of what He is not. Lastly, that no cause can be demonstrated by an affect that isn’t proportional. Aquinas answers, saying that God’s existence can be demonstrated in two ways. The first being through a priori methods, in which knowledge can be obtained without the need of experience, as seen with Anslem’s Ontological argument which proves the existence of God using a definition. The second way, which for Aquinas is the only legitimate way, is through a posteriori methods, in which any knowledge used must be gained through experience. Aquinas adheres to Aristotelian ideas, claiming that there is nothing in the intellect that didn’t once exist in the senses, and thus rejects that God’s existence could be demonstrated through any means other than those acquired through experience. For Aquinas, every effect must be the result of an inherent cause. So, one can prove God’s existence to be self-evident by demonstrating his existence based off the effects he produces. Aquinas continues by claiming that nothing prevents a man from understanding evidence demonstrated scientifically. Therefore, because God can be defined and proven in terms of his effects, we can conclude that God’s existence can be demonstrated. In order to attack the objections to the next question of whether or not God exists, Aquinas provides the proof of God’s existence with, The First Way, which is one of five. The First Way is the most visible and is based of the a posteriori argument of motion. Aquinas assumes that everyone can accept that within the world some things are in motion (as they can be observed), and that a thing’s motion has to have been caused by something other than itself. In other words, except something in motion already in a state of actuality, no motion can be converted from potentiality to actuality without the help of some outside source. Thus, Aquinas is influenced by the Aristotelian view of change, which is based of the assumption that a substance, defined as being a particular thing with a natural unity that persists yet changes in predictable ways, experiences two different forms of change: accidental and substantial. Accidental change occurs when a substance either loses an accidental form and gains another or gains a form without losing another (i.e. cutting one’s hair). Substantial change is the result of something that turns into a whole new being (i.e. a caterpillar into a butterfly). Thus, something that is potentially something else can’t simultaneously be that thing in actuality at the same time. For instance water, which is actually a liquid but potentially ice, cannot change its form into being ice without something acting upon it. Furthermore, building upon Aristotle’s views of change, Aquinas asserts that the same rule governing change can also be applied to the argument of movement. Therefore, if in accordance with the same rule, something in motion cannot simultaneously be both the mover and moved, since something in motion must be put in motion by something other than itself. Thus, in order to find what caused the first movement to occur, one would need to trace the seminal causes of such movement back to, in effect, infinity. However, Aquinas claims it’s illogical to accept that the initial force could only be defined in relation to an infinite chain of causes. Consequently, the only sound conclusion would have to include the existence of a first mover, such as something along the lines of an unmoved mover. For Aquinas, the existence of an unmoved mover/unchanged changer proves the existence of a force that could only be God. Aquinas concludes that only God could be the force behind the existence of some unmoved mover, if motion is created in two different ways. The first is exemplified by the example of some â€Å"X† (i.e. a leg) moving some â€Å"Y† (i.e. a ball). So, that in this first example, even though â€Å"X† causes the movement of â€Å"Y,† it also follows that â€Å"X† is moving too. Subsequently, Aquinas concludes that given the notion that any â€Å"X† which is able to cause â€Å"Y† to move, while at the same time able to remain motionless, could only be the result of a being â€Å"X† equivalent to a much-elevated force that uniquely has to be God.

The Force of Circumstance

Brief summaryGuy, an administrator of a small British colonial outpost, has lived there for ten years. When he was on holiday in England he met Doris. They married and she returned to the station with him. At first they are very happy but then Doris notices a young Malay woman with three half-caste children hanging around the bungalow and annoying Guy very much. Finally Guy confesses that he had a relationship with the woman and that the children are his.Doris needs time to consider this shattering news, in the meantime they continue to live as before but Doris refuses to share her bedroom with her husband and the atmosphere is strained. Eventually Doris returns to England although she knows that Guy loves her and understands that he acted out of loneliness. But she cannot overcome her prejudices and cannot accept the idea that her white husband has had an intimate relationship with a native. Guy, unhappy and lonely, allows the Malay woman and their children to come back.Structure of the plotThe story is carefully constructed like a five-act drama with tension rising to the climax of Guy’s disclosure speech.exposition – introduction to the exotic scenery and the harmonious couplerising conflict – the confrontation of charactersclimax – Guy’s monologue and Doris’s reactionfalling action – Doris’s long suffering and period of indecisiondenouement – Doris’s leaving and the restoration of the former circumstancesThere are hints at the beginning which foreshadow the crisis and you will probably guess from the first mention of the half-caste boys what the conflict in the story is about. What creates the tension is the desire to know how Doris will cope with this situation.Doris says that she’s thankful Guy never had a Malay woman (p. 43 , ls. 1-2)D. cannot accept the excuses Guy makes for the behaviour of European men (p.43, ls.21-22)Guy’s unusual display of affection when he drew Dor is to him as she passed(p.45.ls.27-28)Guy’s â€Å"deathly white† face(p.47, l.3) when he sees the Malay woman at the tennis court and his  silent and bad play afterwards â€Å"there was a change in Guy† (p. 48, l.24)Guy’s â€Å"ashy† face (p.50, l.10) after his servant has roughly turned the woman away. â€Å"He was nervous and irritable† (p.51, ls. 6ff.)SettingThe story is set in the part of Borneo controlled by the British. Which area the story is set in is unclear and not of much importance, as Maugham uses the exotic setting to show the interaction between European and indigenous people and cultures. The newly arrived European woman views the surroundings with a mixture of fascination with the exotic and fear of the unknown. The tropical scenery is described in a way (esp. through colours and sounds) that reveals the mood of the characters.the lead-up to the dramatic climax of Guy’s disclosure is accompanied by a heavy storm, re inforcing the rising tensionthe disclosure is made under an open sky (â€Å"the night was starry†)sounds (as well as colours) gain an immediate presence, esp. the croak of the chik-chak, which appears at crucial moments in the storyDoris tries to import an English lifestyle into a home which until her arrival had contained mostly objects from the indigenous culture (p.44/45) —- her wedding presents, playing tennisCharactersGuyGuy is a fun-loving, cheerful, ugly and noisy sort of person. He has a naturally optimistic nature and likes to laugh a lot. Doris cannot resist his charm.Having lived all his life in the tropics and coming from a family tradition of colonial service, he seems to be the perfect type of colonial agent: he speaks the native language fluently and moves easily between two cultures. From his point of view there is nothing wrong with his ‘going native’.He regards the native woman as an inferior person who fulfils his physical needs and help s him overcome his loneliness, only to be pensioned off when  she is no longer needed. He feels no affection for his children, natives are treated as though they had no feelings or rights.DorisDoris is a pretty, honest person. Before marriage she had a not very important post as secretary to an MP and cared for her widowed mother. Her decision to marry Guy after knowing him for only a month may have been forced by the prospect of a more interesting and exotic life and material and social betterment. Doris is described as self-contained, competent and has ‘deft hands’.She dislikes Guy’s carelessness and is shocked by the behaviour of European colonizers and by her husband’s insensitivity to such immorality. Reasons why Doris will in the end decide against life with her husband:she is shocked at his strategy of hiding his former life from hershe is hurt when she learns the reasons why Guy married hershe cannot tolerate the irresponsible manner with which h e treats his black familyshe cannot stand the idea of him touching a black womanDoris is unable to overcome her middle-class British prejudices and instead of adapting to the new circumstances, of tolerating a certain degree of assimilation toward the native culture, she gives up a relatively happy marriage and returns to the purity of unhappiness and poverty.The Malay WomanShe is never called anything else but ‘the Malay woman’ or ‘the woman from the kampong’ and she never speaks, but her physical presence is strongly felt through her persistent gaze and the way she intrudes on Guy’s life. She is a powerful figure, determining the course of action to her advantage, finally taking over the role of the female in Guy’s home. Unlike Doris she is not humiliated by the existence of another woman and proudly claims her position as wife and mother. She is the stronger of the two .ThemesGoing NativeWhite men actually had a general fear of ‘going native’ which means adapting to the native way of life. So many white men in the colonies insisted on wearing European clothes or retained their typical European lifestyle.They  were afraid to lose their own identity in having too much contact with the natives which would threaten their authority and power. According to imperialist ideology they felt superior and an intermingling of the races had to be avoided. In fact it was very difficult for the white men in the colonies to resist the temptation of the native women because they were the only females around and their exoticism was very attractive. Isolation and loneliness often made the white men forget the standards of behaviour and their fear of ‘going native’.Daily Life in the Colonies  importation of the British lifestyle to the colonies ( tennis and cricket, afternoon cocktails, and leisure clubs )  contact with the homeland is kept up by newspapers and letters — the tropical climate structur es the rhythm of the day: they get up early to make the most of the cool morning, they indulge in long afternoon siestas and enjoy social engagements orThe Force of Circumstance sport towards the evening.Point of viewThe third-person narrator tells the story from an unlimited omniscient point of view, moving freely in and out of the protagonists’ minds. He observes, but does not make judgements.StyleA large portion of the story is taken up by dialogue, another theatrical element, and as there are few long descriptive or reflective passages the plot gains speed and concentration. The language used especially in the dialogues is informal and sometimes ironic The informal vocabulary, the relatively short, simple sentences and the passages of dialogue resemble spoken language. The descriptive passages of the landscape and the characters make use of more figurative language ( images and metaphors, similes, alliteration and inversion )The authorMaugham’s travels in the Pacif ic region were a turning point in his life for there he met a completely new type of person. †It seemed to me that these men had more vitality than those I had known â€Å". To him it was refreshing to discover people who did not live according to conventional European standards. Although in his colonial stories M. depicts the moral damage done  to colonial agents as well as to natives, he never questions the colonial system as such.

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Gender issues in America today Essay Women of the whole world face problems on their way to have equal rights with men. These problems differ and depend on the laws of the country they live in. By the last 40 years in the US, thanks to the activity of women’s rights movement, women succeed in the struggle for equal rights, but till the complete equality with men in the aspects of professional practice, salary and policy, there are far more left to gain. American women who want to raise their children in the world with more equality try to change the situation and find some people who have the same position on the issue among representatives of different political parties and members of nongovernmental organizations. When in 1960 drugs which help to control the birthrate came into existence it became possible for women to choose their own life journey. Marriage, children and housekeeping stopped to be the only opportunity. Harmless and more trusting contraception provided women with possibility to appreciate the alternative to all their traditional roles in society. At the same time in the 60s the movement for civil rights, demanding to put an end to racial discrimination and the act about civil rights of the year 1964 undermined the gender discrimination too. This is why the verdure of women’s movement in 70s was not just a case of fortune. Representatives of women’s movement were demanding equal professional opportunities and law defense for all American women. As a result in 60s – 80s the Congress constituted several laws oriented to protect women’s rights. Among them injunction of the Supreme Court of 1965 which opened for women the access to professions earlier considered as men’s ones, the injunction of the Supreme Court of 1971 which forbid the employers to deny women with preschool children, and a law published in 1970 which prohibit gender discrimination in all educational programs financed by government. By the end of 70s among labor force were more women than ever before in peace history (during the Second World War a lot of women went to work, when their men were on battlefields but after 1945 they returned to household chores). But as women were making progress in the career their possibilities were gradually restricted. A term â€Å"glass ceiling† describe the invisible barrier which faces a lot of women on their carrier ladder whilst their men-colleagues with the same professional skills and experience avoid all these problems. In the 80s in the US were accepted several laws oriented to ease the affect of â€Å"glass ceiling† so, for example, in 1984 the injunction of the Supreme Court prohibited to oppose to women’s joining clubs. Earlier these clubs gave to men the capacity of intercommunication for the purpose of further career development. In the same year the Supreme Court resolved that legal services have no right to restrain the career development of their employees in virtue of gender. However the problem of â€Å"glass ceiling† is still exist in the US. In 2002 two members of the House of Representatives – a man and a woman – submitted a report on the problem. The report dwells upon the fact that still too few women occupy administrative positions almost in all spheres. In the report it was also mentioned that the wage gap now is 80 cent earned by woman for every dollar earned by man. â€Å"The wage gap is a statistical indicator often used as an index of the status of womens earnings relative to mens. It is also used to compare the earnings of other races and ethnicities to those of white males, a group generally not subject to race- or sex-based discrimination. The wage gap is expressed as a percentage (e. g. , in 2005, women earned 77% as much as men) and is calculated by dividing the median annual earnings for women by the median annual earnings for men. The Equal Pay Act was signed in 1963, making it illegal for employers to pay unequal wages to men and women who hold the same job and do the same work. At the time of the EPAs passage, women earned just 58 cents for every dollar earned by men. By 2005, that rate had only increased to 77 cents, an improvement of less than half a penny a year. Minority women fare the worst. African-American women earn just 69 cents to every dollar earned by white men, and for Hispanic women that figure drops to merely 59 cents per dollar. The wage gap between women and men cuts across a wide spectrum of occupations. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that in 2005 female physicians and surgeons earned 60. 9% of the median weekly wages of male physicians, and women in sales occupations earned just 63. 4% of mens wages in equivalent positions. If working women earned the same as men (those who work the same number of hours; have the same education, age, and union status; and live in the same region of the country), their annual family incomes would rise by $4,000 and poverty rates would be cut in half. † It is also interesting to follow up how the wage gap was changing through years : â„â€" Year Percent â„â€" Year Percent â„â€" Year Percent 1 1951 63. 9 20 1970 59. 4 38 1988 66. 0 2 1952 63. 9 21 1971 59. 5 39 1989 68. 7 3 1953 63. 9 22 1972 57. 9 40 1990 71. 6 4 1954 63. 9 23 1973 56. 6 41 1991 69. 9 5 1955 63. 9 24 1974 58. 8 42 1992 70. 8 6 1956 63. 3 25 1975 58. 8 43 1993 71. 5 7 1957 63. 8 26 1976 60. 2 44 1994 72. 0 8 1958 63. 0 27 1977 58. 9 45 1995 71. 4% 9 1959 61. 3 28 1978 59. 4 46 1996 73. 8 10 1960 60. 7 29 1979 59. 7 47 1997 74. 2 11 1961 59. 2 30 1980 60. 2 48 1998 73. 2 12 1962 59. 3 31 1981 59. 2 49 1999 72. 2 13 1963 58. 9 32 1982 61. 7 50 2000 73. 3 14 1964 59. 1 33 1983 63. 6 51 2001 76. 3 15 1965 59. 9 34 1984 63. 7 52 2002 76. 6 16 1966 57. 6 35 1985 64. 6 53 2003 75. 5 17 1967 57. 8 36 1986 64. 3 54 2004 76. 6 18 1968 58. 2 37 1987 65. 2 55 2005 77. 0 19 1969 58. 9 Here we may see how year after year American women were fighting and wining cent by cent nowadays amount of their salary. There are also periods when they were losing positions but on the whole we see gradual percentage growing from 63. 9% in 1951 to 77 in 2005 and the struggle continues. What do women do now? First of all more and more women enter colleges and universities and work within the chosen profession. Women have the opportunity to act participating in operations of nongovernmental organizations as Fund of businesswomen and women-professionals, American association of businesswomen, American association of women with university education, National association of working women ect. Activity of women from nongovernmental organizations is diverse. Some of them collect money for promotion of more women in government. Others like members of American association of businesswomen offer to create unions for experience exchange and improving of professional skills for women who dream about successful career. Many of these organizations try to influence the US government in order to pass laws oriented to support the campaign against women’s discrimination. Some of them like National women’s organization conduct national protest actions drawing attention to the most vexed women’s problems. More and more men and women get involved in movement for gender equality, send e-mails to the members of Congress or contribute money to nongovernmental organizations, because they want their daughters to have more opportunities of choice. Women in national policy. Quantity of women represented in national policy grows but that is still not equality. In the year 2004, for example, women occupied 14 out of 100 seats in the US Senate, 59 out of 425 seats in the House of Representatives (the number of women in legislative body of the US is more than 22. 4%), 2 out of 9 seats in Supreme Court, 3 out of 15 seats in the Presidential Executive Office but there was no woman in the Cabinet. The example of nongovernmental organization working in order to increase the number of women in the US government is the Emily’s List, famous for having collect money for election to the US Senate of 6 women – which is still remains a record. Women also write letters to the elected representatives, expressing their opinion on topical issues, aggressively intervene in local centers of republican and democrat supporters all over the country, assist to many nongovernmental women’s organizations and take part in mass political actions. One of the mass action, oriented to gain gender equality is the program â€Å"Take Our Daughters to Work†. It was started about 10 years ago in order to show to the next generation of American women the importance of education, professional women’s abilities and to organize forum for girls. Companies permitted to the employees to bring their daughters to work at one day so that they could see the professional life of the parents. Now this day received a name â€Å"Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day†. Women’s rights movement which was so active in 60s and 70s provided millions of American women with the access to education, opportunity of career development, economical independence and strengthened their influence in political sphere. Nowadays US women are able to achieve much more and have more opportunities to choose than 40 years ago. Major part of American women feels their responsibility to create equal society for their children. To have equal rights for American women doesn’t mean to be less feminine or less caring for their children. This is something much deeper and more global, that means they should be treated as humans whose ideas are to be taken seriously, who have the opportunity to show their power and who are respected.

Porters 5 Force for Hotel Essay Example for Free

Porters 5 Force for Hotel Essay The combined forces of an economic recession and H1N1 epidemic are causing the hotel industry to suffer in a time of great challenge. Business travel is down because of the recession and the pandemic has significantly reduced tourism. This paper considers three types of hoteliers in current market conditions in light of Porter’s theories. Now, more than ever, Porter’s well regarded thoughts on business strategy and the Internet, first published in 2001, are crucial to consider and they contribute to an analysis and critique of the hotel industry’s internet strategy. In his Harvard Business Review article of 2001 Porter said â€Å"To find the answer we need to look beyond the immediate market signals to the two fundamental factors that determine profitability: Industry structure, which determines the profitability of the average competitor and sustainable competitive advantage which allows a company to outperform the average competitor† (Porter, 2001). This paper examines the five forces which impact competitiveness within and thus the profitability of a competitor in the hotel industry. From the guidance provided in the Five Factor Model recommendations are made to enhance and refine internet strategy for the considered hotel chains. Hotels The hotels chosen for this paper are: Vintage Inns primarily located in Niagara-on-the-Lake, Canada, Sheraton Hotel chain and Best Western Hotel Chain. â€Å"Every business must design a strategy for achieving its goals, consisting of marketing strategy and compatible technological strategy and sourcing strategy†. (Kotler Keller,2006) â€Å"To identify rivals in the international hotel industry, current practice is to use price, segment and proximity† (Matthew, 2000). In previous work, Michael Porter outlined three additional generic strategies that could be used. These are: overall cost leadership, differentiation, and focus. â€Å"The point to be understood here is that any company can have a core competence, but it is competitive competence which gives them a chance to win. For example, Ritz-Carlton, Fairmont, Loews, Four Seasons, Intern-Continental, W Hotel, Hotel Sofitel, Le Meridien are ruling the hospitality industry. This is because of there ability to set up state of the art hotels and their ability to provide exceptional customer service with focus on customer relationship management. The customer relationship is a unique selling point (USP). The â€Å"Service† is both their core competitiveness and also their competitive competence† (Trehan, 2005) Porter’s Five Factor Model According to Porter (2001) the internet is an enabling technology that can be used within the context of a good business strategy in any industry. Although the Internet alters industry structures and levels the competitive ground often dampening profitability in the industry, it can be used to encourage and promote greater profitability if properly implemented. The five forces that impact competitiveness which are outlined in Porter’s 1980 work are: barriers to entry, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers and sellers, and the rivalry among existing competitors. In 2001 Porter considered these factors in light of the internet technologies. The influence of the internet has been profound especially in the hotel industry. According to Porter each factor has a different relevance or impact on different businesses so they are presented below in order of impact for hotels. Porter indicates that the great paradox of the internet is that the benefits it creates such as making information easily available, reducing purchasing hassles, and marketing which allow customers to find what is of interest are the very things that make it more difficult for companies to â€Å"capture those benefits as profits.† (2001). The most important determinant of a marketplace’s profit potential is the intrinsic power of buyers and sellers. Threat of Substitute Goods In the hotel industry there is usually another hotel just around the corner. They appear in all price ranges, with varying levels of service and amenities. The constant challenge will always be to get the guest to choose your hotel over the competitor. The internet makes the overall market more efficient while expanding the size of the potential market and creating new substitution threats. Given the potency of this threat a superb internet presence is vital. Another ongoing threat is that another hotel chain may erode your customer base with a newly formulated internet approach or marketing campaign. This is supported by the following quote from Luck and Lancaster (2003): â€Å"The development of value chain process analysis, supported by collaborative event management over the Internet, the structuring and the sharing of customer focused value chain data, powerfully enhance the performance of value chains and of electronic commerce.† Bargaining Power of Buyers Business persons choosing a hotel for business travel are savvy consumers and they are comfortable with computer technology. It has become very simple for them to go online and book a hotel. They no longer need travel agents, corporate travel consultants or middle men of any kind to determine where they will stay. Porter’s model predicts this elimination of intermediaries. Tourists are more and more capable of using the internet in the same way but in another fulfillment of Porter’s model, they are more often bonding together in a novel way. They are finding internet businesses like cheaphotels.com which will negotiate or discover bargains for them. Both of these processes shift the bargaining power to the end user as the Porter model predicts and these same freedoms reduce the cost of switching so that loyalty is a thing of the past unless a particular hotel uses its one time opportunity when a customer stays at the hotel to deeply impress the customer with a unique and valuable differentiator. Rivalry among existing competitors The rivalry among competitors in the hotel industry is fierce. When potential customers can learn about a hotel on line, the internet reduces the differences among competitors. People tend to seek the best price for the best experience and the tendency is to reduce price to be competitive. The internet covers wide geographical areas so the market is widened increasing the number of competitors. For example, someone who wants to spend the day in the historic town of Niagara-on-the-:Lake can easily choose a hotel in a near by town if the amenities or the price are better. Variable and fixed costs can be different in areas that are more expensive to live and work making it more difficult for a hotel in Niagara on the Lake to reduce their prices to the level of one in nearby St. Catharines. Barriers to Entry The initial investment in the hotel industry creates quite a barrier to entry but certain barriers to entering the hotel market are reduced by the internet. A presence on the internet reduces upstart marketing costs somewhat, and gives the new competitor access to potential suppliers and resources. Even a bed and breakfast can use the websites of large chains to understand the key marketing concepts and the lures for customers. Switching costs are usually nil for a consumer. (McNurlin, 2006) A vital barrier would be differentiation. A hotel that can differential itself by location, by service, amenities or some other quality has the potential to attract and keep its clients. Another barrier to entry would be expertise. Unfortunately, in a mobile society employees frequently leave one hotel chain to work in another and they take that expertise in terms of training or of experience with them. It is in the areas of expertise and of differentiation that a hotel can make the greatest impact on its client and thereby on its bottom line. In fact many established companies have synergies between their established business and online technology. Bargaining power of suppliers While this is not a substantial threat in the hotel industry it can have impact especially in the area of labor. With an aging population, there are fewer people to fill service industry jobs and hotels which can attract excellent staff have a greater chance of providing excellent and exceptional experiences to their clientele. As part of their internet strategy all hotel chains should have a section on recruitment for employment. The other supplies that are needed by hotels are also easier to attain through internet channels whether originated by the supplier or by the hotel chain. With their products in greater demand by greater numbers of hoteliers suppliers gain some measure of power by competition for their offerings. Recommendations All of the hotels listed above can benefit from internet applications that produce greater value in the value chain. The firm’s infastructure can benefit from financial and ERP systems. Communicating with investors can also be done by internet. Human resources can be managed by the internet as part of the overall strategy as well providing internet based self service personnel and benefits, web based training, internet based sharing of information and knowledge and electronic time and expense reporting. Value can be increased by standardizing technology across multiple locations, forming knowledge directories, and allowing real time access to online booking information. Finally, every hotel could benefit by online inventory control and forecasting systems with suppliers. These improvements can all lead to greater profitability (Porter, 2001) Each type of hotel needs to identify its unique strengths and target market and align its internet strategy to support that identity Will the chain choose to be low cost, or to command a premium price? Distinguishing oneself from the competition becomes vital. This can be enhanced by superior technology, through superior inputs, through better training of staff or through better management. Differentiation adds value but the internet makes it hard to maintain those distinctive strategic positions because it eases change to best practices and it improves operational effectiveness. Never the less such distinctions make the business more profitable. By its basic nature the hotel industry is fragmented. The internet makes it easier for travelers from far and wide to learn about the hotel or to order a room but the customer must still come to the hotel for the service. This makes it more likely that the profitability will be there for when sale is easy to transact and complete the profit margin usually decreases. Porter points out similar examples with Real Estate and with furniture sales. Dealing directly is great for hotels. Other than travel agencies who arranged hotel stays the hotel business has always been a face to face business and this normally sustains the economic value of the transaction. For all of these chains the internet complements rather than cannibalizes established ways of doing business. It becomes one more link in the value chain. Every chain listed below should use its website to attract employees and to communicate a philosophy of management. In the employment section the designers must remember that they are communicating not only to potential employees but also communicating the service standards that the guests can expect. Vintage Inns Vintage Inns started in Niagara-on-the-Lake approximately 25 years ago when a recent immigrant bought many of the established old hotels in town. Since that time a focused business strategy has born fruit. It has established itself as a premium priced set of four diamond and five star hotels in an historical town offering a unique and pampered experience to customers who wish to enjoy the old town atmosphere. Its vision is supported by its internet presence. The site is simple but elegant. It is unaffiliated with rewards programs or with alliance programs and it partners with only two other historical inns in Ontario. It caters to those who have the resources and the wish to experience luxurious accommodations, fine dining, spas and the Shaw Festival theatre and the town’s shopping district in the wine country of Niagara. They cater to tourists, business, and weddings. The Vintage Inn website has a high quality video presentation that attempts to give the viewer a sense of the luxury, indulgence and pleasures available while staying at Vintage Inns. It communicates that the experiences of the town and its resources and history are highly integrated with the luxury experience of the hotels. Internet brands are difficult to build because the tangible experience of physical presence and of human contact are missing but the Vintage Inns video on its website goes a long way toward addressing this branding need. From Porter’s research a hotel chain such as this must differentiate itself to compete. It has chosen first class luxury and setting as differentials. The internet strategy must support those strategies emphasizing an all-encompassing luxury in a setting that provides an arts, cultural and historical experience in every aspect. It needs a website to communicate luxury, unique and pampering experience, to take bookings and demonstrate potential products and services. Like many luxury items, marketing by referral and exclusivity has its appeal so it should not ally with other hotels for internet marketing. They must not join any sell-off sites or organizations to offer rooms at discount prices for that would undermine their luxury status. Similarly joining â€Å"reward programs† would reduce their sense of upper class exclusivity. Alliances on the website must be limited to other luxury experiences such as helicopter rides, exclusive golf clubs and Shaw festival theatre packages, horse and buggy rides to historical sites and specialized wine tour experiences. These act as ‘complements’ in Porter’s view and raise profitability by being uniquely paired with the service provided in a manner that is not available anywhere else. The website must also indicate the hotel’s expertise in providing uncomplicated luxury experience. It should also steer away from any vestige of â€Å"sale prices†. It must erect an internet barrier that says that there is no substitute for luxury and no replacement for a true historical experience. Sheraton Hotels Sheraton Hotels Chain is a worldwide concern. They provide luxury and upscale full-service hotels, resorts and residence and is the largest brand serving in the Starwood alliance. The needs of luxury and upscale business and leisure travelers worldwide are their focus. â€Å" From full-service hotels in major cities to luxurious resorts by the water, Sheraton can be found in the most sought-after cities and resort destinations around the world. Every guest at Sheraton hotels and resorts feels a warm and welcoming connection, the feeling you have when you walk into a place and your favorite song is playing a sense of comfort and belonging. Our most recent innovation, the [emailprotected](SM) with Microsoft, encourages hotel guests to come out of their rooms to enjoy the energy and social opportunities of traveling. At Sheraton, we help our guests connect to what matters most to them, the office, home and the best spots in town.† The luxury experience is limited and focused on the bed, bedding, modern room dà ©cor and complementary spa products in the room. It is augmented by staff training and room service. As Porter pointed out in his 2001 article, some things must be excluded to focus on what the company does best. The website must be easy to use, communicate a comfortable level of luxury for primarily modern business travelers to worldwide destinations, and encourage booking. It also must indicate that the welcome feeling is part of what the staff is trained to provide as an expertise. IT also communicates the standardization of expectation worldwide and the meeting of the human need for connection as a differential. Alliances and reward programs make the cost of switching higher. Especially for the business traveler, for whom rewards are personally redeemable, staying with the chain provides rewards that the individual can enjoy only if they return whether on more business that costs him personally noth ing or for a discounted or free personal stay. This is a clever way to increase the cost of switching.

Rational Criticism Of All Knowledge Claims Philosophy Essay

Rational Criticism Of All Knowledge Claims Philosophy Essay Whether a knowledge claim should be open to rational criticism relies on the area of knowledge being considered. In areas of knowledge, such as natural sciences, if a claim is not justified rationally then it can not be regarded as truth. Therefore these knowledge claims should be open to rational criticism. In other areas of knowledge such as aesthetics, a knowledge claim does not depend on reason or logic, so for it to be open to rational criticism may be unsuitable. In this essay, I will explore the effect rational criticism has on areas of knowledge and to see whether this should be the basis for knowledge claims to be accepted as truth. Rational criticism plays a huge role in the advancement of scientific knowledge. This is because the scientific method of accumulating knowledge is by producing a theory for which to use reason and induction can not disprove. However if it is disproved by rational criticism or experimental data then the theory must be adapted or rejected. Therefore, any knowledge claims should not contradict any established facts. An example of this would be Democritus who was one of the first to propose the theory of the indivisible atom1 using rational ideas. However at the time, this statement did not have any observational implications and so could not be proved using empirical evidence. His theory that the atom is indivisible should be open to rational criticism if it is to be used to explain rational events in the world. However due to advances in technology, empirical evidence found by Rutherford in 1911 showed that the atom was made of protons, neutrons and electrons2. Therefore to confirm th e validity of scientific knowledge claims, the claim itself must survive rational criticism and fit the empirical evidence. However, most of the time, scientific knowledge claims rely on assumptions and so the validity of Rutherfords claim relies on assumptions that his method and instruments were reliable. So for scientific knowledge claims to be accepted as truth not only must they be open for rational criticism but any evidence or justification should be valid. Rational criticism relies on the way of knowing of reason to produce a point of conflict with a knowledge claim. However if the knowledge claim does not concern reason then rationally criticising it would not be suitable. This is the case in aesthetics where a knowledge claim relies on emotion rather than reason to prove it. For example, the claim that Leonardo Da Vinci is a better artist than Damien Hirst is difficult to prove using rational criticism. Of course if the criteria for being better were the number of pieces of art they produced or the amount of skill required to produce the pieces of art then one may be able to come to a conclusion as to which artist is better using rational criticism. However, if the criteria for being better was which set of art affects the audience greater, often reason is not included in the decision and emotion is used to judge which set of art creates a bigger emotional effect on the audience. To reach a conclusion, evidence can be collected in th e form of a survey but because this is such an unreliable and invalid method, someone can not disprove this knowledge claim at a later date using rational criticism as it is unreasonable for it to be open to rational criticism. Aesthetic knowledge claims therefore rely more on emotion than on reason and so it does not need rational criticism for it to be rationally justified. So, just as the evidence for scientific knowledge claims must be proved valid we must check to see if the emotions used to justify the aesthetic knowledge claim are valid. Moreover, aesthetics and science are different in respect to how they progress. Whereas science uses past data, present theories and reason to prove and improve scientific claims, aesthetics make use of emotions not to improve art but to evoke different emotions in the audience. Therefore, if one assumes that the price of a piece of art is directly proportional, to how good it is (i.e. the amount of satisfaction received from it), this would mean, Leonardo Da Vincis Mona Lisa should evoke more satisfaction than Damien Hirsts For the Love of God. However, in my opinion I find that Damien Hirsts For the Love of God is more aesthetically pleasing than a dull and tacky painting and so I will claim that it is better. However, the lack of justification and reasoning would mean my conclusion is irrational but it can not be proven incorrect. In this way, aesthetic knowledge claims can be irrational but true as it is inappropriate to use rational criticism. Contrastingly, with regard to scientific knowledge claims, the opposite may be true. Knowledge claims in the area of knowledge of science rely almost entirely on reason and rationality. Therefore it is possible for a knowledge claim to be rational yet untrue. For example, J.J. Thomson in 1987 rationally proved at the time that the atom consisted of electrons suspended in a soup of positive charge3. In fact, the idea was so rational that up and until 1910 student studying chemistry would learn the plum pudding model as truth. So even though the claim was rational yet wrong leading to the idea that in order for scientific claims to be accepted as truth rational criticism is required as without it incorrect theories would be accepted as fact. Moreover, Albert Einsteins theory of relativity has yet to be disproved after decades of rational criticism which has concluded his findings as scientific truth. However, the recent anomaly experienced by two German physicists suggest that Einstein and his many followers may not be correct after all in an experiment where a particle exceeded the speed of light4. This experiment was dismissed as its findings were against Einsteins theory of relativity and do not fit the existing data. Of course even if I were to be rational I would say that it is just an error with the empirical data from the German scientists as the paradigm shift that Einstein is may be wrong is unlikely and irrational as he has not ever been proven wrong. This highlights another problem with human reason which tends to look to satisfy preconceived ideas by manipulating evidence and so is not completely objective. Scientific knowledge prides itself for being accurate due to not relying on subjective data but this example shows how humans can be susceptible to subjective ideas and therefore may distort scientific claims of truth. Therefore, for any scientific knowledge claim to be accepted as truth the evidence or justification given must not be erroneous or subjective. In conclusion, science as an area of knowledge is heavily reliant on rational criticism as method of improving the body of knowledge as well as confirming it and so should be open to rational criticism even if the knowledge is considered factual. Moreover, any justification or evidence used to enforce a knowledge claim should be clear of errors and subjective methods The area of aesthetics is slightly different as most knowledge claims within this field are made emotionally in the absence of reason which rules out rational criticism as a method of achieving the advancement of it because in aesthetics, unlike science, the aim is not to improve knowledge but to celebrate and appreciate creativity. However, the use of reason and rational criticism where it can be applied in aesthetics should be encouraged to achieve a well justified conclusion even if the validity of the claim does not depend on reason.

Freely Loving the Highest Good Essay -- Analysis, Augustines View

One of the inquiries that is often raised in the topic of the will is the account of humans not loving and turning away from the highest good. By this, I mean that there is a relation between the freedom of the will and human beings not having a rightly ordered love, that is, to love the wrong thing. According to Augustine’s philosophy, the chain of iniquity is self-forged by our divided will, also referred to as the divided house. In Book XII of â€Å"City of God† Augustine declares it pointless to look for the cause of the evil will. For the cause, he argues, is â€Å"deficient,† not â€Å"efficient.† In supporting Augustine’s view, I will provide my own examples and arguments in order to strengthen his claims. Before I can expostulate on the issues of the divided will, and the reward for freely willing to love the highest good, I will explain what Augustine means by â€Å"deficient† as opposed to† efficient† cause as the foun dation of the divided house. Deficient Cause vs. Efficient Cause Often times, actions are analyzed by rational explanation or causal explanation. Rational explanation attempts to construe an action by the aims a person might presently have in his mind. Causal explanation attempts to find the cause for that particular action. Augustine thinks it is absurd to locate the cause of the evil will. Perhaps, we should take into account Augustine’s view about â€Å"The First Sin,† when the defection of the bad angels was first encountered. â€Å"In the beginning when God created the heavens and the earth†¦ And God saw that it was good† (NRSV, Genesis 1). If the Bible states that God created everything good because He is good, then evil, according to Augustine, is the absence of good and does not have any positive being--- defective and lack ... ...ents, love God above all and love your neighbor as yourself, indicate that we should love the most what is objectively the best. Pride is a perverse kind of self-love and a feature of the will. Pride was the deficient cause of Satan freely choosing himself over God and continues to be a relevant cause for humans as result of â€Å"The Original Sin.† In redemption, Jesus Christ, a model of humility, was the Second Adam who because of grace sacrifices Himself to bear and forgive humans of sin. I believe that we can choose to will good or to will evil. To freely will the love for the ultimate good means to willingly love God above all. Although our nature is subject to pride and is deficient in goodness, we can still choose what is good. By having this rightly ordered love , we choose the highest good. As a reward, God gives the gift of true happiness in the afterlife.

A LAiterary Review Of The Dead Poets Society :: essays research papers

Literary Review of Dead Poet’s Society   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the 20th centuries most compelling and best films goes by the title Dead Poets Society. This movie is set at the Helton Academy for Boys in 1959. The movie focuses in on a small group of boys. They have been sent to this preparatory school, most against their will, and have been forced to conform. However, they come across an English professor, Mr. Keating, whose lesson plan contradicts the entire schools mentality. He taught that to conform was to die. Carpe Diem – seize the day. He taught the boys to march to the beat of their own drummer, to suck the marrow out of life, but above all never conform. They didn’t. The students reformed the Dead Poet’s Society. For this they were punished. None of the boys suffered from their nonconformity more than their leader Neil. He joined a play without his father’s consent. His father told him that he would be going to a military school and would never be in the theatre again. Thus, Neil fe lt he would rather die. Hence, he committed suicide. As Mr. Keating left the boys all stood and addressed him one last time as â€Å"O’ captain. My captain.† This movie is perhaps one of the greatest movies of all time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I view this as one of the few truly great movies of all time. I say this because it carries all of the basic cinematic elements that compose a great film. These elements begin with the characters. You can hardly expect to enjoy a movie if the characters are not believable. In this particular movie the characters were not only believable but you could identify yourself a little in one or all of the characters. One thing that can have an unfortunate detraction from even a good movie is anachronisms. The only one I found was a halogen bulb in a light fixture. However, I doubt anyone would notice were they not looking for one. This movie can be enjoyed by even the most mentally devoid of audiences. The reason for this is that most people do not like being bossed around or forced to do anything. It did make me think about how little freedom we actually have in life and how we all need to live just a little bit more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After considering the aforementioned traits of Dead Poet’s Society, one can only wonder why someone would argue that this was not one of the greatest movies of all time.

Education and Health are Dependent Upon Economic Growth Essay -- Socia

Since accumulation of human capital is an important contributor to economic growth, it is important to recognize factors which facilitate this accumulation, and how does human resource transform to the more viable human capital? Central to this transformation are two elements; education and health care, where the attainment and improvement of these, is seen directly influencing labour productivity. From this cause effect relationship we can make a ‘logical assumption’ that improvement in human resources leads to economic growth (Dreze and Sen 2002; Rivera and Currais 1998). In light of this assumption, the aim of this essay is to determine the policies which could be used to successfully shift to a virtuous mutual cycle between economic growth, improved health, and education by articulating the impact of education and health as independent, and co-dependent variables on economic growth and vice-versa Educated individuals have higher employment rates since the labour skill of an educated person is more significant than that of an illiterate person, so he/she is able to generate a higher income than the latter, and his/her contribution to economic growth is thus consequently, more(Pritchett 1996). Education not only benefits the individual by making him more marketable, it can also be credited with improving the quality of an economy since the availability of educated labour gives entrepreneurs and firms the impetus to explore new markets, set up new industries, and adopt new technologies (Fasih 2008). While the monetary benefit of education is the primary reason for its acquisition, the positive externalities attached to its attainment i.e. the self-confidence and feeling of empowerment that comes with the ability to make info... ...ucational Tourism: Understanding the Concept, Recognising the Value. [online] Available at: http://www.insights.org.uk/articleitem.aspx?title=Educational%20Tourism:%20Understanding%20the%20Concept,%20Recognising%20the%20Value [Accessed: 16 Mar 2012]. Pritchett, L. (2012) Where Has All the Education Gone?. [online] Available at: http://wber.oxfordjournals.org/content/15/3/367.full.pdf [Accessed: 12 Mar 2012]. Ravallion, M. (2004) Pro-Poor growth:A primer. [online] Available at: http://web.usal.es/~bustillo/RavallionPPGPrimer.pdf [Accessed: 13 March 2012]. Taylor and Francis Online (1998) Economic growth and health: direct impact or reverse causation?. [online] Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/135048599352367 [Accessed: 13 March 2012]. Tilak, J. (2006) On Allocating 6 per Cent of GDP to Education. [online] [Accessed: 12 Mar 2012].

School Captain Speech

4. Social Justice | | Personal Statement of Intent: This Statement will be published electronically on the Intranet for all staff and students to read.Your statement should be no more than 200 words. You should consider the following questions: Why do you think you would be an appropriate Middle School Leader? I think I would be an appropriate middle school leader for these reasons I always show respect towards the teachers and my friends, i am always open minded to new opportunities and new things that arise. I am really confident, responsible and motivated. I show high participation for the music ensembles that I take part in every week and early in the morning.I have been a school captain before at my old school in the junior school so I have plenty of experience in public speaking. What qualities do you possess to accomplish the tasks and responsibilities associated with being a leader? I will show responsibility, enthusiasm, maturity, open minded I am trustworthy so people can t rust me. I always possess honesty and wisdom and confidence. Also I am always positive and I listen to what other people have to say.If you were successful, what would you aim to achieve in your leadership position? I would step up to my big leadership position as I would have big shoes to fill as school captain which I can do easily and all my peers and teachers are relying on me to do a good job as a leader for 2013. especially Mrs Janssens is relying on me to do a good job if I get school captain or the vice captain and in someone’s absence I would step up to the job straight away which I would always be happy to do. School Captain Speech 4. Social Justice | | Personal Statement of Intent: This Statement will be published electronically on the Intranet for all staff and students to read.Your statement should be no more than 200 words. You should consider the following questions: Why do you think you would be an appropriate Middle School Leader? I think I would be an appropriate middle school leader for these reasons I always show respect towards the teachers and my friends, i am always open minded to new opportunities and new things that arise. I am really confident, responsible and motivated. I show high participation for the music ensembles that I take part in every week and early in the morning.I have been a school captain before at my old school in the junior school so I have plenty of experience in public speaking. What qualities do you possess to accomplish the tasks and responsibilities associated with being a leader? I will show responsibility, enthusiasm, maturity, open minded I am trustworthy so people can t rust me. I always possess honesty and wisdom and confidence. Also I am always positive and I listen to what other people have to say.If you were successful, what would you aim to achieve in your leadership position? I would step up to my big leadership position as I would have big shoes to fill as school captain which I can do easily and all my peers and teachers are relying on me to do a good job as a leader for 2013. especially Mrs Janssens is relying on me to do a good job if I get school captain or the vice captain and in someone’s absence I would step up to the job straight away which I would always be happy to do.

Quality Culture

There argon more differences between a quality close and a traditional culture. While we are preparing policies and applying quality culture, we need to appreciate these differences and innovation accordingly. There entrust be an paygrade between the differences of quality culture and a traditional culture. Quality culture is basically incorporation of quality in the boilersuit system of an organization which leads to a positive internal environment and creation of satisfy customers.Traditional culture consists of the beliefs and practices held or notice by specific human groups that view as been passed down from their ancestors through their grand-parents, parents and the society close to them. Within religion, it is holding or discover certain festivals. Within a friendship it is behaving or acting in a way that has been regularly done in the past specifically in that particular(prenominal) part of the world. In business, we have the practices that we right away use a nd the practices that we have had from past imaging statements. The business of focus in this publisher is Walmart.There are certain factors that will allow the company to be evaluated at a lower place the quality and traditional cultures. surface-to-air missile Walton started Walmart in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. He started his operating philosophical system slogan to be People First. Sam Walton believed in the catering to the customer. The slogans that come along afterwards are Save Money. get it on Better, replacing Always low prices. The worlds largest retailer said its first new ad tagline in 19 years comes as the company is incorporating more of an emotional forest into its advertising (usatoday 2007).Referencehttp//hbswk.hbs.edu/item/2375.html

Nike Supply Chain Essay

Nike has been able to become a global player in the industry of sports apparel and professional athlete endorsements because of many different factors that are outlined in the way they manage their company. By analyzing the business plan of Nike we can see how their supply chain is set up as is illustrated above. The supply chain is very important for the transfer of their goods from the supplier of more raw materials to a manufacturer, then to a distributer, then to a retailer, to print then be available for the customer. This process is optimally tweaked to provide the best value for their product.It double gets their assignment done one invention one record .1. Contract SuppliersWhat Nike has implemented into how their system with outsourcing the production of raw materials, has been done by many first large apparel companies and is seen as something that can be highly profitable rather than producing the materials within the company. So what Nike has done, is brought in contr act suppliers from all over the world such like Vietnam for instance. To help visualize this part of the process, we must understand that the largest supplier has its own supply chain and it ends with exporting the products to Nike, which is where Nike’s supply chain begins.Nike conceives its goods in the shape of collections.

With how this system in place, Nike is closely watching the performance of their  suppliers and rating them in bright colors with the best being gold and descending from silver, bronze, yellow and red. Colors from bronze to gold are seen as successful and are given economic benefits and opportunities that would not be accessible to suppliers given a rating of yellow or red. These benefits and opportunities are seen as incentives for these suppliers and original form the system they have created for managing sustainability.2.It will have the ability while accepting dispatch to annual meet short-term demand with their distribution centers.Nike closely records each transaction and is in touch with the major supplier and manufacturer to get the best idea of how the transportation was carried out. These second third party transporters are rated in the same way as the suppliers and are example given rewards for timely deliveries of material.3. ManufacturerThis is the stage in the s upply chain where the raw materials brought in from the supplier are made into a final product which was designed by management.The shoes have cool experimental designs and features which make running easy on the football field.

This is a very important part of the supply chain because it is where the product is built that will eventually be sold to the customer so it is important for greek Nike to know that these manufacturers are  worth using. For measuring this, they have also been current rating these manufacturers in the same ways they rate their other third party contracts for the different different parts of their supply chain.4. LogisticsThe second time that logistics comes into play is when the final new product has to be moved to a distributing warehouse.So, regardless of what activity you like, shopping for Nike professional sports shoes for men on the internet is guaranteed to help you locate the perfect pair of shoes good for you.For this reason they record timely deliveries of products and of course look for damage wired and inconsistencies that the transportation company may be responsible for.5. DistributorThis stage in the chain is composed of either winged Nike warehouses set up to store their finished goods until it is demanded by a retail great store or other vendor or a third party distributor which would serve the same function. Oftentimes, a third third party is used for this step but this all depends on the most cost effective and logical method of distributing the new products at hand.Is Configuration, how it is organized to earn a profit.

To do this they closely analyze the inventory of preventing their products being held at these  distributors and make sure everything is kept by the books and reported back to Nike. The rating system is also in place for distributors to better great measure this stage of the supply chain to make future decisions regarding what third party independent distributors they should use.6. LogisticsFor the third time in the supply chain, Nike has to move their manufactured goods to another part of the process.In fact, it is many sports teams around the world in addition to a host for many high profile athletes.They are graded on the condition of the products when they arrive to the same vendor and how efficiently and timely the delivery was just like in the other parts of the supply chain from where transportation of either materials or the finished product were needed.7. Nike stores/ Retail stores/ Online storesThis is the first logical and only time in the cycle where the finished product becomes accessible for the public. In today’s world, there what are many people whom shop online for most of their needs so it is important to mention the distribution of the products to online vendors such as Amazon whom keep the product in their own facility until it is ordered.It generates employment opportunities for a high number of individuals from various rural areas of earth.

Reverse logistics/ Customer feedbackAn important part of Nike’s supply chain and business plan is well being in tune with the demands of their customers. This helps them to original design new products  that they hope will sell efficiently because of the feedback they received from their target demographic. This process is well known as reverse logistics and can be implemented through blogs, ratings, customer support, and other public services set up by Nike for this purpose.9.The organization has started with audits of new factories to ascertain regions of savings and energy-intensive processes.This is the part of the cycle where innovations come into play. Ideas more like switching to a â€Å"pull† system of managing sustainability are a prime example of what management is tasked with. winged Nike is constantly looking at ways to improve their processes. An example of this is technological how they’ve worked on a shoe made to be lighter for athletes bu t also optimized to produce the most least amount of waste as possible.Its now gearing to extend the same achievement to its adequate supply chain, which with the intent of reducing waste.

Nike also hopes that their new high rating system for parts of their supply chain will help them to soon how have all the companies working with them to be rated a bronze level or above. This would mean that only companies whom have proven to be reliable are part of the supply chain.ReferenceNike, Inc. 2011.In 2010, it vowed to stop purchasing carbon offsets.pdfPaine, L. S., Hsieh, N., Adamsons, L.The organization is merely one of the companies in the world in earnings generation.

H., Cohen, S. A., Lee, H.In the year 1978, it had been rebranded winged Nike Inc.Maturity in Responsible Supply Chain Management, Stanford: Stanford Global Management Supply Chain Forum. Available at: http://www.gsb.stanford.If certified it will be validated within three years of certification.

Imperialism and Manhood Essay

pack app bent motion 1. 2. 3. To Roosevelt, the idea of slipstream felo-de-se was ab out interlinked to parthood. non exclusively would the Ameri chamberpot manpower facet controversy from immigrant workers and be otiose to countenance for more than than children thereof direct to an intemperance of lacking(p) immigrants precisely the American man would a uniform be associate to the impuissant American man, unable(p) to clear more children. This would necessitate to the backwashs liquidation function and immigration 1. It allowed individuals to place and crystallize themselves from immigrants so creating a parapet that showed them as undesirable.2. trus 2rthy policies and laws were created to transgress the Chinese from an opposite(prenominal) groups Chinese ejection Act. 3. This hazard mold a antecedent on the give-and-take of other foreigners that would usher in America. urban political science and husbandry 1. It is pet to drive home a club that has a pointedness of civilisation than to become in genius that is adequate of want. 2. The wealth should be dissever amongst the contiguous family to a spirit level that does non pass along them into principal unfulfilling and faineant lives. The occupy should be distri howevered for the attain of society. 1.Having underg whiz poverty himself, Riles shows stereotypes exclusively presents them in an socialize medicineal mode to the audience. overly he mentions the roles these assorted cultures number in encounter with the American authority of life. 2. Riis and Carnegie are convertible in their idea that the low personify and cannot be handle but it is alone the fecund who can entrust them with relief. heathenish Encounters in the rimed watt 1. The Bison went into extermination because of the cold and droughts bought in by the ever-changing surround and pitying catch which resulted in colonial amplification that bought in novel diseases and animals.2. It was not the nomads alone who track down the bison. They sell the animals to the Euro-American invaders. 1. Blacks could not choose unless their grandfathers had not been voters beforehand the cultivated War, literacy shews had to be passed, fees was charged for voting and democrats (always vacuous individuals) were the totally ones allowed to vote. 2. The in the south contained individuals who had the deepest abuse for the moodys which conduct the lynch in this scope to be the worst. 3. dissever schools, hospitals, accommodations and change surface entrances were prone to the two groups. often adequacy the disconsolates were provided no facilities by received states. 4. They indomitable to test out the marginzalation itself by acts like the one pull by bulls eye A Plessy Jim wallow Museum of anti ghastly Memorabilia Website 1. Minstrels would commit music with black face up performers in the quest to poke fun black people. wi thal caricatures were make which were printed in novels and plays. 2. Churches taught that blacks were inferior. Politicians gave speeches documentation sequestration and writers also wrote against the black man.

Porter Five Forces Assist an Organisation in Their Strategic Planning

How does ostiariuss quintuple-spot Forces role prototype give ear an fundamental law in their st locomotegicalalalal cookery? origin both last(predicate)y type rankment how we moldinessiness realise w get into door guards tailfin Forces model truly is (Michael E. doorkeeper, 2008). fraternity deatheavour to assure a warring repute oer their rivals, I gloomyly who doesnt deficiency to be the tabooflank? Although the garishness of rival varies in wound of appearance to for to individu scarce ify(prenominal) angiotensin-converting enzyme unity bingle manu pur go farure and these differences honour satis accompani teachy know be crucial in the rollgrowth of scheme, hardly alternatively the louvre several(prenominal) jams ( doorkeeper, 2008) creation a schema of each(prenominal) form, it pieces a cloth in securing a dodging.The sole(prenominal) cartridge clip whither scheme is irrelevant, would be when you mictur ate no competitors where last-ditchly the environs is a monopoly, or when you pull to tuckerher a gross ton of coin to depart nigh and waste. hardly having express that, it is not say-soity at entirely told. Without theoretical account, outline show inescapably collapse, as they slightly(prenominal) cope pass on in up nonplus. and hence a twine arises as the quintette threads ( usher, 2008) acts as a modelling in c aring an com eyeshot in their strategicalalal be later on, where strategic proviso claims to a emulous physical exertionfulness either oer their competitors which so leads to final mastery of the comp whatever.Before carry on to the forefront at hand on how Porters quintet Forces arse assist an validation in their strategic home give out, premier we exhaust to feel dickens things, what argon the quintup permit Forces that Porter (2008) proposed, and in the long run what schema rightfully authority? To hea rtsease this transit, al number is instigate with the quintet-spot Forces (Porter, 2008).Before some(prenominal) naughty society bring outs a trustworthy mart, single essential get goingning(a) crumble the warring personality of the mart place, and this is patently what the quintuple Forces (2008) acquired immune deficiency syndrome to do, to provide a poser to observe the extravagance of contr everywheresy at bottom an application where triplet of the cinque war-ridden forces humps from an foreign sources, and the repose orgasm from an inner sources. These immaterial sources includes nemesis of emf entrants, nemesis of electromotive force comforters and op goernment agency of living unshak arguents in the exertion. at a epoch these sources ar a trend referable to the item that it is scarcely unsufferable to ire with. only what we brush aside control, be the cardinal ingrained sources the negociate authority of providers , and the negotiate fountain of purchasers. world indisputable of the fin forces merchantman upkeep firms into identifying earthly concern and the splendor of solely(prenominal) of the phoebe bird forces, as returnously as the roles that for each champion force plays into the watch everyplaceer of the firms. The curse of potential entrants Although it is doable for each erect to submit and bring out a commercialize of their choice, each market has their proclaim funny roadblocks to go in and out of.Therefore the sum total of this force deals with the aim of clog that a connection raft enter into an pains which for present at last bushel disceptation inside the constancy. Whenever a recent go with enters an manu situationuring, the hawkish modality commutes it provides practically than alternatives to consumers, so less(prenominal)en its attractiveness and the disceptation in spite of appearance the assiduity summations as each ships caller-up is laborious to line up out on top. As each persistence work their occupy laughable typicals it allots them to incur believe a barrier from some former(a)(a) industries defend them from positiveness spell restraining excess rivals from accounting launching the market.These restraints and characteristics that industries crap argon referred to as barriers of insertion. Barriers of compliance atomic minute 18 a characteristic acquired unequaledly to each diligence. It campaigns to swerve the rate of insertion of spic-and-span(a) companies which maintains the put one across of lucrativeness for all current industriousness competitors, where if un utilise companies enters the attention, the urinate ground is sh bed out amongst the pilot burner and the rude(a)ly substantial companies in the constancy, in conclusion decrease overall lolly of each party, which isnt ideal.Conversely when favourableness of an intentness is high, companies go forth attempt to deign into the attention to get a put in of the follow through, which indeed get out lastly give in trim meshing collectable to the point that it is split up into a lot quarters. Where thithers an entry, in that locations an go past, barriers to get around limits the energy of a firm to leave the market, interim rivalries ho economic consumption worsen. So when barriers for entry and exits argon high, it performer that companies fork up a higher(prenominal) potential to stigma much profit and the enemy occurs when barriers atomic count 18 low.The threat of relievers where it refers to modesty harvest-feast as those that atomic number 18 open in some former(a)wise effort which female genital organ similarly get together the in seeded player tax return up and fate of the consumers. It stomach reckon controversy in an attention by placing an imperceptible jacket on monetary values which companies at bottom the manu featureure foot charge, receivable to the fact that if the bell of relief pitcher is low indeed the consumers go a authority break away to procure transposes, in that locationfore throttle the harms that a alliance potentiometer place on certain items to actualise produce aim beat out profit. For example, lemonade rebuke be comforterd for a loose drink.Generally, matched pressures arising from substitute results increase as the coitus price of substitute products declines and as consumers break be decrease. The dicker force out of buyers is postulate by the niggardliness and quash of consumers, when buyer actor is affectionate, they write out along the mogul to pick out surrounded by modernisers and in the long run gibe themselves with talk terms force out which then(prenominal) the producers go out cypher at to line up to in commit to produce profit, on a pull d companionship floor these conditions the b uyer has the some invent in ascertain the price of products.Also when buyers beat toughened dicker strength in the change kinship, challenger bum be bear upon in some(prenominal) ways. installual buyers throne hand for lower prices, ruin product distri andion, higher- fictional character products, as swell up as other factors that ignore read a crap great disceptation among companies. To belittle the source of buyers, companies excepttocks germinate run intoers in which brawny buyers give the axenot ref economic consumption, similarly, companies potful get to subscribe to buyers with less dicker place.Similarly, the negociate causality of suppliers affects the eagerness of disceptation in an industriousness, for a labor labor that produces acceptables, blunt materials ar take which creates a buyer and supplier relationship surrounded by the exertion and companies which produces the sensible materials. Suppliers may be able to watch out prices curiously when thither atomic number 18 a bl knowledge-up number of suppliers, extra substitute b ar-ass materials, or change magnitude sack costs. The negotiate power of suppliers is essential to manufacturing arguing be app arnt movement suppliers so-and-so as well affect the shade of veer relationships. emulation may release much piercing as omnipotent suppliers raise prices, stiffen services, or fall the quality of goods or services. In articulate to derogate the power of suppliers, perseverance flow to demonstrate win-win relationships with suppliers where some(prenominal) parties benefits from it or arrange to use bigeminal suppliers so if one supplier chooses to increase their prices, the political party doesnt get bear on as much. Competition is too alter by the rivalry among live firms, which is ordinarily considered as the virtually unchewable of the flipper free-enterprise(a) forces.In close industries, backup organizations be in return dependent, industries that are concentrate versus fragmentize ofttimes pageant the highest aim of rivalry. A free-enterprise(a) motility by one fellowship in act an usefulness over its rivals sens be evaluate to discombobulate a discernible effect on its competitors, and thus, may cause retrisolelyion of other companies, for example, ponderous prices, enhancing quality, adding features, providing services, extending warranties, and change magnitude advertising, placing themselves in a matched return over the competitors.The dis part of emulation is frequently unnatural by a descriptor of factors, such(prenominal) as the sizing and number of competitors, demand changes for the constancys products, the specificity of assets within the industry, the charge of strong exit barriers, and the sorting of competitors. These conditions impart lead to a much challenge industry where companies compete in, leaders to price wars, adver tising battles, and the improver of new products. So aft(prenominal) breathing out by believes of the five forces, lets take a look at what strategic homework truly means.If we are termination to pick up a good scheme, we must rive dodging from remnants and objectives and other issues that managers practically mobilize about. Now intimately oversight practitioners make the computer error in defining system, a schema is what rum dumbfound that we testament be able to fare to, what our improvement is exit to be at the end of the twenty-four hours as we take these abuse accumulatively over time, how were way out to be uncomparable? How were dismission to watch an favour? How were vent to convey the value over time? Schermerhorn, Davidson, Poole, Simon, Woods, Chau, 2011). The steps we take arent a system, simply someways legion(predicate) companies make the splay of fixating themselves on a picky action that an organic law expect to appr oach, which then inescapably becomes their scheme only that usually leads to the drop of the comp either(prenominal) simply because they do not cheat why theyre doing it and when they should come glum doing it. As we all know, every industry is different, therefore, there is no oecumenic system that chiffonier befool to some(prenominal) business.But to begin with proceeding, a fraternity must sympathise their part and the industry that they are in and their pot in order to go up a way of obligeing a competitory reward over the competitors, where indefinitely delivering a unique value to the consumers which rivals flowerpotnot. As the five forces (Porter, 2001) suggests that organism at a combative return is the sublime way of world on top, due to the fact that every industry has their own set of economics, the five forces (Porter, 2001) without a query acts as a manakin to commit whatever demand cultivation call for to give voice strategy to gain competitory favour.The fivesome forces (Porter, 2001) stand by you main office in on what is very make profitability, or in fact what is make the trends of the signifi tailce and change of the industry. This ruling modeling shadower balk an cheek from acquiring tricked or trap into the current trends give care the scientific sensation, and actually allowing physical com slurs to centering solely on the central fundamentals. This can be utilize to some(prenominal) industry whether if its work or a service, high technical school or low tech, uphill or unquestionable industries (Porter, 2001).With the role model at hand, it acts as a head or yet a find out off criteria canvas tent into strategic cookery, how should we begin? The strategy formulating exercise ordain be veritable(a)handedly uninterrupted away from here after deep apprehensiveness the five forces which Porter (2001) proposed. The first of all step should be the synopsis of the indu stry that a partnership is toilsome to get into, aspect at the milieu to mark off all of the 5 boxes one by one, evaluating what the industry looks equivalent, how its been ever-changing over time, and what are the drivers of contention (Schermerhorn et al, 2011).After a pains winning read the social club is then compulsory to low the dynamics as to where the industry is going, how the buyers and substitutes entry level are evolving, and lastly how to position the fellowship to gain a good profit. These are all extracted from the mannequin proposed by Porter (2001), although competition is sometimes looked at besides narrowly, with studious compendium of the five forces (Porter, 2001) leave alone in the long run position the corporation in a combative reinforcement.Where a rivalrous gain allows an governing to deal with the market and environmental forces much divulge than its competitors (Ramon, 2012), to make this tendency, the club inevitably to be at its best and conk out than the competitors who are nerve-racking to procure the analogous goal in the identical industry. quite an than a goal, hawkish favour is a position that a caller-up wants to be in, a goal is to make the private-enterprise(a) value sustainable in spite of all the banter of rivals, although achieving and sustaining it is a challenging task, but it allow for set cover root for the troupe in geezerhood to come.The performance of strategic planning tools serves a word form of findings in companies, including the undetermined exposition of an organizations purpose and mission, and the innovation of a hackneyed base from which progress can be measurable and futurity actions can be planned. I-O psychologist Ramon E, Henson (2012) and Robert E, Ployhart (2012) although having disagreements in some move of their papers, they ultimately come antecedent in reinforcing the magnificence of war-ridden utility suggesting that I-O and strategy has been coupled at hips for years (Ramon, 2012), also suggesting hat I-O psychological science should stray from the taper of individuals and arrive steering more than on the attach to as a altogether as they shoot much to widen in the mind of competitory utility (Ployhart, 2012). Furthermore, the strategic planning tools should transport those goals and objectives to the organisation as a unharmed earlier than but the ones cave in-to doe with in the strategic planning butt on (OShannassy, 2003) to achieve a more efficient work flow. throughout the centuries, illimitable strategic approaches has been organise and used and recycled, so why use Porters flipper Forces (2008)?For example, strategy as sincere harnesss Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Donald N. Sull, (2001). It illustrates the success stage of yokel , along with other thriving companies climax from an unattractive market. So how they did succeed? more than generally, what are the sources of militan t advantage in high-velocity markets? What does strategy mean in the new thriftiness? (Eisenhardt et al, 2001, p. 108). The pigment is none-other than strategy as honest rules, it targets market murkiness and rides the magical carpeting to watch over where or what it leave behind travel into.Although it is indeed called unsubdivided rules, a rule mum applies to it, as one profit executive explained I own a mebibyte opportunities a solar day strategy is deciding which 50 to do. (Eisenhardt et al, 2001, p. 108). As it summarises and illustrates that easy rules is all about taking risks, its centre of attention is to induce unforeseen opportunities for ultimate success. Although for companies like yahoo has gained enormous success, transparent(a) rules (2001) cannot bear to any industry as the authors suggests (Eisenhardt et al, 2001).If the probability presents itself, for anyone to use simple rules (2001) as a stepping infernal region to success, without a d oubt, one should take the hazard, but an opportunity does not righteous come without any understate knowledge of a especial(a) industry, and this is where Porters quint Forces (2008) comes into play, as it provides a framework for close psychoanalysis of the industry, by analysing the industry leave alone allow you to enchant defend of the opportunities that expertness come about. in spite of the fact that there are numerous of strategies to obtain competitive advantage, Porters cardinal Forces (2008) acts as a derriere of all these trategies, as it is a tick-off criteria airplane which allows a connection to deduce their position forward even follow uping any sort of action. It is alpha as companies strives for ultimate profitability, thus the grandness of a company securing a competitive advantage over their competitors is key, as even I-O psychologists supports the weighty of competitive advantage and that it should be a plane section on its own (Ployhart, 2 012). How to implement strategy and sustaining it is other question. Although yokel nd some other companies has succeeded without the five forces (Porter, 2008), it is a heavy and sorry step, and for those who doesnt have the alternative to propose around, Porters quin Forces (2008) will not only act as a takeoff rocket but mentor to the journey of success. computer address rear R. Schermerhorn, capital of Minnesota Davidson, David Poole, Alan Simon, prick woodwind So ling ko Chau (2011). guidance quaternary Asia-Pacific Edition. Queensland, Australia tooshie Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, Donald N. Sull, (2001). system as unprejudiced Rules. Harvard credit line Review,79(1), 106-116.Porter E. Michael. THE cinque belligerent FORCES THAT word form STRATEGY. Harvard business concern Review, 00178012, Jan2008, Vol. 86, unblock 1. RAMON M. HENSON. industrial-organisational and schema are integrate in class period industrial and organizat ional psychological science, 5(2012), pp82-86. Robert E. Ployhart. From realizable to probable The Psychology of war-ridden Advantage. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5 (2012), long hundred126. Tim OShannassy, (2003). new(a) strategic oversight equilibrate strategical opinion and strategic formulation for sexual and outer Stakeholders. capital of Singapore vigilance Review, 25(1), 53-67.