The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy - 1654 Words

The Role of Slavery in Roman Comedy The theater of the Roman Empire was very similar to that of the Greek theater. Masks were worn by the actors to amplify their voices and to allow some actors to play two different roles, and women were not allowed to have roles in the theater. Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence borrowed comedic stories from the Greek theater, â€Å"Romanizing† them in the process. For instance, Terence wrote a play called Heauton Timorumenos or The Self-Tormentor. A Greek comedic playwright named Menander wrote a play with the same title. Since Menander’s version is lost, historians aren’t sure how original Terence’s version is. We can suspect that at least some of Terence’s version is merely a translation†¦show more content†¦Another slave, Trachalio comes along, though, and claims that if Gripus doesn’t split the treasure with him, then he will report Gripus to the original owner of the treasure. Gripus argues that the treasure is his because the sea belongs to no one, and consequently that which is recovered from the sea belongs to the finder. Trachalio suggests they settle the argument by talking to Gripus’ owner Daemones. Daemones sides with Trachalio, who wanted the treasure not for himself, but for the original owner, Palaestra. Daemones then chides Gripus for his selfishness, â€Å"Daemones angrily sends him into the house and complains about the poor quality of slaves; luckily, he reflects, Gripus didn’t meet another like himself, or both would have been implicated in the crime,† (Konstan 84). Trachalio is the cunning slave in this example, and he, like Tyndarus, is not motivated by selfish reasons, but by doing what is right. This is the reason why the cunning slave is celebrated in Roman Theater. Duckworth describes the attitude of this slave as, â€Å"the freedom and insolence of the comic slaves, their immunity from serious punishment, their happy-go-luck existence†¦combine to paint a picture of slave life that bears little relation to reality,† (Duckworth 290). In his essay entitle Comic Shackles, Ulrike Roth elaborates on this point saying, â€Å"ButShow MoreRelatedHow Plautus And Terence Write Slave Characters1200 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Terentian and Plautine comedies have several similarities and differences; this is most evident what examining how Plautus and Terence write slave characters. Since slavery was a prominent institution in the Roman Empire, Slavery and slave stock characters commonly appeared in both Roman’s plays. Despite adapting similar works and using similar stock characters, there are major differences between slaves in Terentian comedy and slaves in Plautine comedy. Many authors have attempted to explainRead MoreRoman Slavery And The Works Of Plautus1440 Words   |  6 PagesRoman Slavery as Seen in the Works of Plautus Slavery was extremely common in ancient Rome. In fact, 25% of the population was thought to be slaves. Prominent men in society could host up to five hundred slaves. Emperors would have almost twenty thousand slaves at their court. People could become slaves in many ways. The most common way to become a slave was through piracy. But a huge number of slaves became slaves as war captives as well. Other ways to become a slave were by being born into slaveryRead MoreShakespeares Comedy of Errors and Plautus Menaechmi and Amphitruo3569 Words   |  15 PagesShakespeares Comedy of Errors and Plautus Menaechmi and Amphitruo One of Shakespeares earliest plays (its first recorded performance in December 1594), The Comedy of Errors has frequently been dismissed as pure farce, unrepresentative of the playwrights later efforts. While Errors may very well contain farcical elements, it is a complex, layered work that draws upon and reinterprets Plautine comedy. Shakespeare combines aspects of these Latin plays with biblical source material, chieflyRead More Women in the Apology of Socrates Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pagesby the Greeks as part of the male sphere of things, and so there were certainly no women in Socratess jury; but it is hard to know whether there were any in the audience. There has been some dispute about whether women attended Greek plays, the comedies and tragedies, when they were staged -- though there are references by Plato to women in theater audiences. We have this difficulty in part because it was not considered proper for strangers to address respectable women in public. The dev ice of addressingRead MoreA Jewel Through The Decades : The Sapphire2498 Words   |  10 Pagesput is the 21st century Sapphire; now historically the Sapphire has always been a malignant stereotype to portray black women for the enjoyment and satisfaction of the dominant people of the country. She is a domineering woman whom seeks to usurp the role of men and claim it for herself. She has a powerful, overbearing nature like that of the â€Å"Mammy† caricature but is void of her caring nature. Simply put the Sapphire is masculine, dominating and angry, devoid of tenderness. The Sapphire is one ofRead MoreThe Battle Of The Punic Wars3659 Words   |  15 PagesPunic Wars were a defining moment in the expansion of the Roman Republic, with the Second Punic War (218 – 201 BC (Grant, 1960)) playing the part of a corner stone in the bridge to create the powerful Roman Empire. Moreover, this was the first time that Rome had expanded into territories outside of Italy which wa s pivotal in the development of the Roman Republic, and furthermore the Rome Empire, as it marks the beginning of an imperial Roman power (Rickard, 2001). Accordingly, this war has capturedRead MoreAphra Behn - Gender Economics in the Rover3540 Words   |  15 Pageseven if she didn’t enter this particular market – matrimony and the nunnery were also means of buying and selling of women’s ‘wares’. The hymen itself was a commodity, as a woman could only marry if she was a virgin. In fact arguably in Restoration Comedy no witty unmarried was without ‘property and a maidenhead’. Thus, arguably, a woman could not escape being a prostitute in the Restoration Period. As a woman author who thus reflected the trend of women actors entering the world of theatrical productionRead MoreCompare Candide and Tartuffe5528 Words   |  23 PagesIn  Tartuffe, Molieres uses plot to defend and oppose characters that symbolize and ridicule habitual behaviors that was imposed during the neo-classical time period. His work, known as a comedy of manners, consists of flat characters, with few and similar traits and that always restore some kind of peace in the end. He down plays society as a whole by creating a microseism, where everyone in the family has to be obedient, respectful, and mindful of the head of the home, which is played by theRead MoreRenaissance And Discovery Of The Renaissance4916 Words   |  20 PagesFrancesco Petrarch—the father of humanism †¢ Wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Horace †¢ Wrote a Latin Epic poem, Africa, a tribute to a Roman general, and biographies of famous Roman men †¢ Sonnets to Laura remains his most famous work †¢ Classical and Christian values coexist in his works Dante Alighieri †¢ Wrote Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than Petrarch’s works Giovanni Boccaccio †¢ Wrote Decameron, a collection of one hundred tales told by three men and sevenRead MoreThe Eighteenth Century : Age Of Enlightenment2647 Words   |  11 Pages Later Enlightenment: Rousseau and the Social Contract: -Did romanticism focus on how human emotion aids or depreciates the value of reason and rational thought? Woman’s Question in Enlightenment: -How did men respond to women’s roles in thinking and creating ideas? Social Environment of Philosophes: -Where these meetings in secret or open to anyone? Culture and Society Enlightenment: Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature: The Development of

`` A Vindication Of The Rights Of Women `` - 908 Words

Where would we be without individuals like John Locke, Isaac Newton, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson? Without them, certain elements and ways of thinking that we know today, such as natural rights, would not be evident in society. These individuals were part of a group of philosophers, scientists, and writers who urged for the upbringing of new concepts based on logic. This period was known as the Age of Enlightenment which took place throughout the 18th century in Europe. During this time period, individuals advocated for reason, equality of humanity, and individualism as a way to â€Å"break away† from the obscurity and bewilderment of European thought and replace it with the light of veracity. Throughout the Enlightenment Period, writers began voicing their opinions on controversial topics in order to edify individuals on the problems going on around them. Writers like Mary Wollstonecraft became one of the most controversial writers during this period because of her opinions that went against popular belief. In her essay â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Women† she wrote about topics such as equal education for men and women, giving women rights after marriage, and equality for everyone, but because her opinions were unpopular during that time period she was often mocked. Wollstonecraft touches on various topics referring to equality of men and women, but one of the most prominent ones that she speaks of in this essay is the equality of education between the two. SheShow MoreRelatedA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1560 Words   |  7 Pagesit was not until 1920 that women were granted suffrage. To put that in perspective, in the United States, women have been voting for less than 100 years. With Mary Wollstonecraft’s book, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects being published in 1792 and launching 19th century feminism and the fight for women’s rights going since then, many would think that equality would be here by now.Unfortunately, it is not. However, women did receive suffrage in theRead MoreThe Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1369 Words   |  6 Pagesaddresses the work of Mary Wollstonecraft, The Vindication of the Rights of Women. To investigate this, I will first summarize he r work and someone else s interpretation of it, then analyze the author, voice, message and significance, and finally analyze the two works to answer the question, What are the current ideas about your philosopher? How have their ideas influenced us today?. My first souce will be the primary source of the Vindication, and my secondary source will be Matilde MartinRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women981 Words   |  4 Pagessentimental romances, and by the misogynistic images of women perpetuated in, for instance, Milton’s Paradise Lost† (Gilbert Gubar 41). In the second chapter of A Vindication of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft discusses her frustration when it comes to women’s ignorance. She does not understand why men are frustrated when it comes to the ignorance of women. Women during this time were not raised to be observant or mindful (Wollstonecraft 43). They are taught how to needlepoint or play the pianoRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women921 Words   |  4 Pagesthat another problem has risen. Mary Wollstonecraft, a social and political activist for women’s rights, addressed a letter to a former bishop to present a case of equality in relation to France’s government and societal restrictions imposed on women. As a sequel to her previous piece, â€Å"A Vindication of The rights of Women†, Wollstonecraft took the liberty to propose multiple reasons as to why women’s rights are essential to the well-being of not only men, but also as necessary for society to functionRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1350 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in London played a vital role in setting the foundation for the future of women’s rights in Western Civilization. Not only were barriers broken within London, but they became very influential to the future of the liberation movement for women. Interestingly enough, they are believed to be one of the erectors of modern day feminism. Mary Wollstonecraft was an ebullient advocate for women’s rights during the Enlightenment. During this time period, Wollstonecraft taught a new philosophy regardingRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women1924 Words   |  8 Pages In the 18th century, women had virtually no rights. They were not allowed to work or vote. Instead, women were subjected to the household: cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the children. Consequently, women who were tired of being subjugated by society created the feminist movement. Feminism is the fight for the equality of the sexes. Throughout this fight, there had been several texts written to illuminate the many struggles of women and the ways to resolve these struggles. Among the firstRead MoreEssay on The Vindication of Rights of Women1373 Words   |  6 PagesIn Mary Wollstonecraft’s essay â€Å"A Vindication of the Rights of Women† she constantly compares men and women. Her comparisons range from their physical nature to their intelligence, and even down to the education that each sex receives. Wollstonecraft states, â€Å"In the government of the physical world it is observable that the female in point of strength is, in general, inferior to the male.†(line 1.35-37) to show that women are inferior to men in physicality, and a number of areasRead MoreA Vindication Of The Rights Of Women By Mary Wollstonecraft1192 Words   |  5 Pagesplaces upon her. Inspired by the writing, A Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, which demanded equal rights for both men and women, Wollstonecraft published her book, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, which called for both men and women to realize their roles concerning inequality. The book also allowed for Wollstonecraft to express her ideas and methods for the improvement of equality between the sexes. Vindication went on to print many times throughout the 18th and 19th centuriesRead MoreWomen And Material Things : The Vindication Of The Rights Of Women997 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment 2 December 6, 2014 Women and Material things The Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft is a compelling arguement that argues for equality for women in society. The Weaver’s Complaint Against the Callico Madams explains outcome of women’s with equal rights would do to society. Sanshiro written by Natsume Soski, focuses the details and experience of his life spent at a prestigious Tokyo University. Three of these readings relate to women and material things because theyRead More Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Women Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesher worth. During the Enlightenment, some women began to question this norm and to voice their unhappiness. The Enlightenment period was an intellectual movement that sought to reform society and advance knowledge (â€Å"Age of Enlightenment†). Even with all of the Enlightenment’s great advancements, women still did not possess many rights. Women continued to be â€Å"oppressed and kept to the private sphere,† separa ted from men (â€Å"Women in the Enlightenment†). Few women challenged these social norms, but a few

The Birth of Protestantism in Europe Free Essays

Protestantism refers to the third branch of Christianity after Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It is comprised of various denominations or groups each with their own set of traditions. This set of traditions is oftentimes unique to a denomination in terms of beliefs, organization and customs making it separate from other Protestant denomination. We will write a custom essay sample on The Birth of Protestantism in Europe or any similar topic only for you Order Now This makes Protestantism seem splintered when compared with the very organized structure of Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. But one common belief among Protestant denominations is that man can find salvation not through good actions but solely by his faith in Jesus Christ. The first Protestants come out from Europe in the 16th century in what is now called the Reformation. The actual word â€Å"Protestant† was originally coined when five princes of Germany sought reform in the Roman Catholic Church at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. They released a statement pronouncing unity against Roman Catholicism. Later in that century, the word was begun to be used to refer to two factions of reformation that broke away from Roman Catholicism: Lutheranism, founded on Martin Luther’s teachings, and Reformed, founded on the philosophies of Huldrvch Zwingli and John Calvin (McKim, 2005). Zwingli and Calvin headed the Protestant movement in Switzerland while John Knox for Scotland. In England, a middle fusion of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism was created in what is now called Anglicanism or the Church of England. From these major groups or denominations, a lot of smaller groups broke away and presently continue to happen as the movement expanded around the world. By tradition, the origins of Protestantism is traced back to October 31, 1517 when Martin Luther, a Roman Catholic priest that time, posted the â€Å"95 Theses† on the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany. The theses condemn aspects of the Roman Catholic Church that he believed to be not founded on Scripture particularly concerning absolution, confession and indulgences. Roman Catholics believe on indulgence as the complete or initial reduction of mortal chastisement owed for sins previously forgiven in confession. The growing practice of selling indulgences was regarded with huge skepticism since it symbolized a monetary transaction instead of an authentic repentance of the person. Luther viewed this as a serious desecration of the real purpose of confessing one’s sins and doing penance. He asserted that Catholics were fallaciously taught that forgiveness can be obtained by paying for indulgences. The Castle Church where Luther nailed his 95 Theses possessed one of the continent’s biggest collections of religious relics at that time. It was maintained that time that viewing these sacred relics gives the onlooker some indulgence in purgatory. The collector of the relics, Frederick III of Saxony, allowed the religious to view the relics once a year and visitors offered donations for the church’s preservation and receive indulgences in return. Another Dominican priest, Johan Tetzel, started to sell indulgences to help in a campaign to help fund St. Peter’s Basilica’s renovation in Rome. When these devout Catholics went to confess their sins, they handed over their indulgences and asserted that they did not have to repent because the indulgence document already guaranteed the forgiveness of their sins. This angered Luther and obliged him in exposing the deception by composing the 95 Theses, which was originally intended to be presented in public debate at the University of Wittenberg. That day on October 31, 1517, was the day when Martin Luther spoke to the Roman Catholic authorities with his reform appeals and introduced his theses. He also asked them to order the members of the clergy to bring an end to the wrongful practice of selling indulgence. The church authorities did not take any action and this led Luther to circulate his work in private. His 95 Theses proliferated swiftly and printing began in Leipzig, Nuremberg and Basel. All of a sudden the content of his work reverberated all over Germany and beyond, having acquired a growing recognition in a short span of time. Luther’s work echoed with believers not considering social status, wealth or class. The Roman Catholic Church released a response and identified errors in Luther’s work but the damage was already done. The Wittenberg chapel started to celebrate Lutheran services in 1522 instead of the Holy Mass in Roman Catholicism. Martin Luther quickly became popular mainly because of the common sentiment of Roman Catholic believers that time that they were not satisfied with the dishonesty and materialistic cravings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Starting in 1525, other principal European cities like Strasbourg, Nuremberg and Augsburg, officially joined the Reformation movement. Soon after, other principal German states like Saxony, Brandenburg and Hesse joined the movement. Denmark established its first Protestant church in 1357 and Sweden followed in 1539. Meanwhile, the final attempt to formally reconcile with the Roman Catholic Church fell short at the Colloquy of Regensburg in 1540 (Iserloh, 1968). The founding of Protestantism was then regarded as fully accomplished. How to cite The Birth of Protestantism in Europe, Papers

Sports Coaching Manchester United Foundation

Questions: 1. Evaluate local community sports development strategies and their implementation in relation to national policy?. 2. Collect and critically analyse data that relates to local and national sport development objectives?. Answer: 1. Evaluation and Implementation of Sports Development Strategies The aim of this assignment is to analyze the development of Manchester United Foundation and explain its role in the development of games. It will evaluate the strategies taken for sports development and their method of implementation. It will describe how the different strategies are in relation to the national policy of the sports foundation. It will critically analyze information related to local and national sports development objectives and goals. The aim is to identify activities in their project that might require support. Based on the finding, review of their operations will be provided. Manchester United Foundation primary purpose is to engage and inspire people through football. Using football they want to unite different communities and deliver a better life to people. There are dedicated staffs in the foundation that gives football coaching and organize educational programs. They give training for personal development and provide better opportunities to people to change their life. Their motto is "Engage. Inspire. Unite.". Aon is the principal partner of Manchester United Foundation, and he works to deliver arrange for a range of programs. His aim is to improve the life of people of Greater Manchester. They also held annual tour overseas to provide football coaching and equipment. Many volunteers have come up as a participant to support their venture. They organize fundraising programs' and till now they have got 1.4 million as resources from different parts of the world. They have held numerous projects in which people have given their time in volunteering for sports (Salcines et al. 2013). Aon and Manchester United work in close partnership to combine their area of expertise and share values to boost individual achievement as well as excel in financial aspects. Their capability to build and prosper in any task is dependent on the following factors- Talent: Their view is that great talent gives better results. So they are investing in finding new talents in and outside UK. They have identified new talents in football, honed their skills and protected them. They also arranged for acknowledgment of achievement of new talent through rewards and merits. Aon has also provided more than 800 employees with insurance, risk and benefits products (Hoye et al. 2015). Health: Health is vital in sports. Manchester United wants sports people and members to stay healthy. They give training to people to make smart choices to protect their health and talent. Aon has helped Manchester United to maximize positive outcomes and sustain success and ability with improved health. They also provide support to them in the form of many benefits in sports (Masterman 2014). Risk: Manchester United identify threats and opportunities in football sports. Knowing about risk and opportunities in sports is essential in order to progress in games. Aon has provided Manchester United with a well-developed risk management programme. The aim of these programmes is to identify the risk, work on eliminating and dominating over the risk (Weinberg and Gould 2014). Capital: In the pursuit of Manchester United's goal and objectives, right capital investment is a prerequisite and crucial thing. So they plan bold moves in this regard and try to invest smartly in the quest for success. Both Aon and Manchester United have their way of raising funds and gaining access to capitals. Both are an expert in their field and know how to secure access to capital and invest it for success (Nicholson et al. 2015). Retirement: Both Aon and Manchester are concerned with the future of football players and their staff. They have different plans to manage the financial security of players. They have strived to give continuity to leadership and excellence. They have strategic planning for future, and they are ready to meet future challenges in sports development (Chadwick and Holt 2015). Data Analytics: Data and analytics are essential part of sports development. Manchester United research every detail about sports to gain and discover valuable insights in the sports world. Aon has empowered Manchester United with world-class data and analysis. This detailed reports and analysis have helped them manage risk and identify new opportunities (Mullin et al. 2014). After analyzing the different activities of Manchester United Foundation, we see that talent search is the main aspect of their sports development. As they are constantly looking for new talents to improve lives of young people, it is identified that Talent identification and development would require support. So there are different strategies to support Manchester United in talent identification. Development of participant is an important aspect of sports development in Manchester United. So support will be provided in the form of helping the foundation identify strength and weakness of individual participants. So the first step is to inquire about biological, psychological and social domain of sports participants. A long-term development model can be prepared to help those youngsters who are poor in sports and hone their skills in football. So the participants performance will be reviewed among three domains-physical, psychological and social domains. The biopsychosocial model is a popular way of characterizing peoples development. This entire three domains has important role in human functioning. Biopsychosocial approach will be new to sports science and it will help in influencing diversity of sports participation. Excellence in sports can be reviewed by two means. One is Elite Referenced Excellence and other is Personal Referenced Excellence. In the first case achievement is measured against others with the goal of winning under highest level possible. In the second case, achievement is measured under personal milestoane and improving personal best performance. The following recommendations and support can be given to Manchester United: Partcipant development should be the primary objective of coaching framework in football. Inter disciplinary research team can be introduce who can research each participants developemnet based on three domains mentioned above. Particpant developemt will be reviewed and evalauated in different context and competitive sports environment. There should be a synergistic relationship between quality and performance. The different policies in Manchester United can be revised according to future goals and sports objectives. All the changes should be informed to concerned parties to boost purpose-driven development. There are sports development strategies to support Manchester United to develop the games. Arrangement can be made for many educational projects for young people in UK. Youngsters can be given education about the inner functions of the football club and how members work to improve skills of the sports person. Different support activities can be undertaken for boosting the confidence of players and teaching them employability and life skills. Implementation of different kinds of innovative programs can be very inspiring for players and staff. For example, a very innovative approach that can be taken is opening of regional talent club for girls. It will provides opportunities to girls to play football at the highest level and develop as international players. Players who are selected for Regional Talent Club will be given intensive training and support in sports development. They make them competitive enough to compete against other clubs (Hylton 2013). There is provision for a program called Move with Manchester United.' It will be a physical literacy program for primary school pupils. Each pupil will be given training on physical literacy and technical and social improvement. There will also be a premiere league work program which will hone young people skills, confidence and experience to make a positive transition into education and sports. It will give them meaningful employment options. These programs will not only improve the employability and financial skills of unemployed people but it will also help them in getting jobs and further education (Mullin et al. 2014). Support can be given in the form of charity work for Manchester United. It will help in assisting clubs charity partner to raise adequate funds for facilitating events throughout the year. This will also promote awareness of their programme among the masses. Theycan fulfill signed item request from charities, schools, and local sporting clubs. Different types of work in this regard is fundraising, signed item request, uniting with Unicef, match day lotteries, etc (Baena 2015). This should be implemented in the beginning stage of the child by making them play sport at school or local clubs (Weed et al. 2015). So UK government feels that increased participation in sports will develop the reputation of the country as a sporting nation and increases the financial growth of the country. One issue is that people tend to leave sports after school and decrease their healthy lifestyle. Through their action, UK government is trying to improve sports participation and development even after school. Their aim is to engage people in sport throughout their life in spite of financial or social background. 2. Critical Analysis of Data Related to Local and National Sport Development Strategies The UK government strategies for increased sports participation are: Funding Sports England to help community sports grow. It includes encouraging youngsters between 14 to 25 years old to keep playing sports throughout their lives. Expanding different school games programmes. The intention is to create more opportunities for the larger number of young people to play and enter competitive sports club (Houlihan and Zheng 2013). Investing a lot of money in sports awareness in schools. They are spending over 450 million in primary schools for improving physical education and sports in primary schools for the period between 2015-2016 (Phillpots and Grix 2014). The UK Government is working with Association for Physical Education (AFPE) and the Youth Sports Trust (YST). AFPE is providing resources and professional support to schools and physical education teachers while YST is providing advice on how to use sports funding properly. It arranges sports programmes for children with special needs. UK Government is also funding Sports England to encourage more people to play the sport. Manchester United also worked in developing and implementing new community sports strategy for the club. So both local and national efforts will benefit the community (Houlihan 2014). So, on the whole, we can see that both local and national development project has helped in improving sports development in the United Kingdom. By the activities and Programmers' of Manchester Unites Foundation, we observed how it was improving the community and lives of people through sports. It has managed to change the life of many individuals with the entry of sport in life. It has given support to people with unemployment and lower education. They have strived to make the world a better place for many people. The UK government is also working in this regard make the country a competitive sports nation. To further enhance their activities, support can be given in the form of volunteering to work with them and enhance their activities further. We could help them with arranging more programmes in school and bring more funds for the foundation. The greater the resources, the more exceptional programmers' may be organized for developing sports. Specific coaching arrangement can be ma de for new talent in sports. The focus on individual with great skill in football will ultimately benefit the nation as whole. When they take part in competitive sports at world level, they have the chance to bring reputed world title for the country by their victory. This will ultimately help in building the status of UK as a sporting nation, and it will bring fame and recognition to the country. Reference Baena, V., 2015. Examining the charitable face of Real Madrid.Routledge Handbook of Sports Marketing, p.369. Chadwick, S. and Holt, M., 2015. Utlising Latent Brand Equity as a Foundation for Building Global Sports Brands. InProceedings of the 2007 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 90-98). Springer International Publishing. Houlihan, B. and Zheng, J., 2013. The Olympics and elite sport policy: Where will it all end?.The International Journal of the History of Sport,30(4), pp.338-355. Hoye, R., Smith, A.C., Nicholson, M. and Stewart, B., 2015.Sport management: principles and applications. Routledge. Hylton, K. ed., 2013.Sports Development. Routledge. Masterman, G., 2014.Strategic sports event management. Routledge. Mullin, B.J., Hardy, S. and Sutton, W., 2014.Sport Marketing 4th Edition. Human Kinetics. Nicholson, M., Kerr, A. and Sherwood, M., 2015.Sport and the media: managing the nexus. Routledge. Phillpots, L. and Grix, J., 2014. New governance and Physical Education and School Sport policy: A case study of School to Club Links.Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy,19(1), pp.76-96. Salcines, J.L.P., Babiak, K. and Walters, G., 2013.Routledge handbook of sport and corporate social responsibility. Routledge. Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Wellard, I., Chatziefstathiou, D., Mansfield, L. and Dowse, S., 2015. The Olympic Games and raising sport participation: a systematic review of evidence and an interrogation of policy for a demonstration effect.European Sport Management Quarterly,15(2), pp.195-226. Weinberg, R.S. and Gould, D., 2014.Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E. Human Kinetics.

Media †first draft Essay Example Essay Example

Media – first draft Essay Example Paper Media – first draft Essay Introduction After a long tiring day at work when you are sitting in your front room sipping some coffee engrossed in your favourite TV show, suddenly a thing pops up telling you something about a product and making a first impression on your mind. These adverts are often used to give you a message or to attract you towards something .These adverts are important to TV producers and manufactures as it affects the profit and loss of their business. Advertising your product in TV, magazines, radio frequently turns out to be beneficial and moneymaking as these are forms of media.Adverts are a powerful and necessary tool as these days media plays a important role in your daily lives and and people usually buy things which their stick in their mind and find attractive so advert makers make sure that there is one element which unique in their advert which makes the reader or viewer memorize it and often go and purchase the product or to something which the maker intends them to. Certain advert will be s hown on certain channels as they know that their target audience will be watching that channel or prefers it the best, for e.g., a shaving cream advert will be shown regularly on a sports channel as the target audience is men and a lot mane like watching sports. In this essay I will be analyzing and comparing the two adverts, the chocolate lynx and the dove evolution, and will also correlate the different settings, props, sounds, content signs, camera shots and the advertising techniques.The target audience for the lynx advert are teenager boys and men as it’s a men’s spray, the target audience for the dove evolution advert are women of all ages as it’s a self esteem advert, both of the adverts are aimed at people with low self esteem. The plot in both the adverts is poles apart. Lynx advert pictures an ordinary guy spraying lynx on himself and then turns into this seductive chocolate man which girls find irresistible, on the other hand in the dove evolution one a ordinary looking girl is turned into a glamorous one with the help of makeup, hairstyles and digital photography and then In the end her picture is put up on a billboard. The similarities in the plots is that they are conveying messages to you and there also doing this using one person not a crowd of people, the main focus in both the adverts is the changes happening to the person and how it might change their life and thoughts and aimed at people with low esteem .The differences between the adverts is that there aimed at different sexes, the lynx one is telling you that if you do apply the spray your going to turn into something better but the dove evolution advert is saying that your natural look is your real beauty and the perfect look the media shows you doesn’t exist so this advert gains your trust in dove, the adverts are going in opposite directions. The lynx one is only advertising one product but the dove one is gaining our attention for all their products, and th e whole brand. This makes an impact on our minds. Lynx advert also has a funny humour in it on the other hand the dove advert has got a serious effect in it.The mise-en-scene of both these adverts creates an impact on the audience. The misc-en-scene of the lynx advert is colourful. The props used are the spray bottle, the strawberries, the coffee mugs, mirror, and ice creams. There are many settings used in this advert e.g. bathroom, park, cinema, hospital room, girls in front room, gym, train and streets. All these different settings are used as to show the audience that in every place he goes girls find him irresistible so if there telling the boys if you put this spray on, you will be treated the same by girls and these settings are the normal places we visit frequently so any ordinary man can put this on and turn seductive. The colours used in this are mainly brown as its versatile which keeps our focus on the same person. The mise-en-scene of the dove advert is a makeup studio, workshop, the street where the billboard is, the makeup. The props are the camera, the hair straightners and curlers and also the makeup; these things attract women’s attention towards the advert.The chocolate advert is colourful which gives the audience a positive feeling and also a funny humour but comparing it to the dove evolution one, its different as dove evolution is dull at the start but starts getting brighter as that girl starts looking beautiful. There is only one setting used to also show that how quickly her face is changed in one room. The props used are makeup and hair straighners which shows us that they have to use all these different products to make her look gorgeous.Both the adverts consist of diegetic and Non-diegetic sounds, The digectic sounds in the dove advert include the people talking in the background, flash of the camera , the computer editing and the shuffling of things. The shuffling of things give the audience a idea that the place is very bus y as there are so many people talking in the background and they use so many products to make her look stunning, the computer editing sound is 1 second for every feature they change in her face so this tells the viewers that they do it so quickly as their habitant to this because they do it everyday and they make every girl look a similar way. The audience can hear the sounds which they normally hear when they go to a workshop or studio so this may also tell the viewers that this happens on daily bases and it’s a routine for them.The lynx advert uses diegectic sounds like sound of the spray, the bus and the traffic on the roads and the beeping of the cars. The beeping of the cars and the traffic sounds may deliver the message that he is an ordinary guy, living in one of those houses near from the high street where he can hear the traffic when he’s in this bathroom. This may also attract boys towards the spray as it shows that he’s a normal boy as the same situat ion can relate in their personal lives. Both the adverts have background music playing and it only starts playing when the real matter of the advert comes up , for e.g. in the lynx one the song starts when he becomes the chocolate man and in the dove evolution the music plays when they start putting makeup on her. This music must be played to give your advert a typicalhumour or a serious tone which makes the audience understand what message your advert is leading towards.Every advert made till today does have at least one content sign as this gives the audience a feel of indirect understanding and this also adds humour to the advert. Therefore the lynx advert has a setting where he is on the train and a girl sitting on the train swiftly takes a bite of this butt which signifies that she’s attracted to him and finds him very irresistible, so the look on her face shows that she finds him seductive and he’s happy when she does this so this might tell viewers that if you p ut this spray on you, your live will change and you’ll turn more overjoyed and thrilled and satisfied. In the lynx advert the signifier is the Photoshop and the digital technology used to improve her face which signifies that the perfect look media describes doesn’t exist on a normal person; you need digital programs to give you that perfect look which some girls feel depressed about if they don’t look like that. The billboard tells us that media wants us to think that that is the only way you can look beautiful if you look like the picture, so these content signs want to tell the viewers that natural beauty is the best look and every girl looks beautiful the way she is. So the advert is showing you how a normal girl is turned into the girl in the picture we see in our daily lives.The camera shots used in every advert are used for a certain purpose and intention. :In the dove advert there are close ups on the girls face to show all the changes that are happening in her face to give the viewers a clear picture of what the advert aims to show. The whole advert is on a close up and at the end when the billboard is showed as a wide shot to give the advert a conclusion and which shows the girl looks beautiful over all.In the lynx advert there is a close up on the mans face to show us the smile on his face to show us that he’s pleased and lucky to put this spray on , the long shots shows that how popular the man is between girls and how in every place he goes he’s getting favoured by all of them. There is also a long shot when he passes girls gym because this helps showing that all of them have the same reaction about him so it shows that girls love him up.Advertising techniques are used to promote the advert to customers and grab their attention and make them willing to buy it.In the dove advert there is a slogan used which says â€Å"No wonder our perception of beauty is distorted† This tells the audience that because of s uch billboards and media adverts we think that there is only one way we can turn beautiful, and the image of beauty in our minds is totally wrong which explains to the audience that no-one looks like that naturally and that’s not the only way to look beautiful. That is not even a real person look.At the end of the advert they say it’s a workshop for the real beauty of girls and also call it a campaign which makes girls trust dove and its productsThey call the advert a evolution which means a gradual change into something different which make the viewers think that dove also understands how they generally feel if they don’t have the † perfect look † and dove also says its time for that look to change and your real true beauty to be shown.In the lynx advert there is no language themes and techniques used as it’s a universal advert and men in every country can use it and become popular and sexy.Humours light hearted and the story has a funny humo ur which shows how much fun he’s having and it indicates and how ever you look, you put this on and you’re going to turn irresistible and seductive.Both the adverts sell their products in an innovative way, the two adverts are very successful and will make an impression on the viewers mind. The storyline of both of them is very unique, one of the adverts is telling you how you can make your life better, the other one is telling you to change the way you think and have ideas about beauty and yourself. The most effective advert is the dove evolution one because common idea always show you how your life can be made better, this one is different from common adverts as the advert itself shows a understanding in what most common girls feel and go through, they are not jus advertising the product there also gaining their customers trust and faith in the brand. Media – first draft Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Free Essays on Daisy Miller

Daisy Miller Daisy Miller starts out in a hotel in Vevey, Switzerland when a gentleman named Winterbourne meets Daisy, a young, beautiful American girl traveling through Europe. Daisy, her younger brother Randolph and her mother, Mrs. Miller, are traveling all over Europe while her father is home in Schenectady, New York. While Daisy is in Europe, she does not accept European ideas to be her own. Winterbourne, to the contrary, has been living in Europe since he left America when he was younger. Winterbourne takes a strong liking to Daisy even though his aunt, Mrs. Costello, does not approve of him even speaking to Daisy. Winterbourne claims that Daisy is an innocent person, but his aunt believes she is too common and not refined enough for him. Winterbourne and Daisy spend much time together, and even had a date at a close by castle named Chillon. Winterbourne then returns to Geneva where he is studying, but agrees to visit Daisy again that winter in Rome. When winter comes around Winterbourne goes to Rome to visit Daisy. While Winterbourne was away Daisy met a suitor named Mr. Giovanelli. Later, when a mutual friend named Mrs. Walker throws a party, Daisy arrives with Giovanelli. Mrs. Walker does not approve of Daisy being seen in public with all of these men and makes the decision to stop speaking to Daisy. Daisy is not happy about Mrs. Walker snubbing her, but still continues to be with Giovanelli. Daisy continues to be with Giovanelli even while Winterbourne is visiting. Winterbourne inquires as to whether or not Daisy is engaged to Giovanelli which she doesn't answer right away. One night, Winterbourne decides to stop by the colosseum on his way home from a party and he encounters Daisy and Giovanelli. He advises them to leave and he too becomes fed up with Daisy’s behavior. Shortly after, Daisy becomes ill with Roman Fever. When Winterbourne goes to visit Daisy in the hotel, Mrs. Miller gives him a message f... Free Essays on Daisy Miller Free Essays on Daisy Miller Daisy Miller Daisy Miller starts out in a hotel in Vevey, Switzerland when a gentleman named Winterbourne meets Daisy, a young, beautiful American girl traveling through Europe. Daisy, her younger brother Randolph and her mother, Mrs. Miller, are traveling all over Europe while her father is home in Schenectady, New York. While Daisy is in Europe, she does not accept European ideas to be her own. Winterbourne, to the contrary, has been living in Europe since he left America when he was younger. Winterbourne takes a strong liking to Daisy even though his aunt, Mrs. Costello, does not approve of him even speaking to Daisy. Winterbourne claims that Daisy is an innocent person, but his aunt believes she is too common and not refined enough for him. Winterbourne and Daisy spend much time together, and even had a date at a close by castle named Chillon. Winterbourne then returns to Geneva where he is studying, but agrees to visit Daisy again that winter in Rome. When winter comes around Winterbourne goes to Rome to visit Daisy. While Winterbourne was away Daisy met a suitor named Mr. Giovanelli. Later, when a mutual friend named Mrs. Walker throws a party, Daisy arrives with Giovanelli. Mrs. Walker does not approve of Daisy being seen in public with all of these men and makes the decision to stop speaking to Daisy. Daisy is not happy about Mrs. Walker snubbing her, but still continues to be with Giovanelli. Daisy continues to be with Giovanelli even while Winterbourne is visiting. Winterbourne inquires as to whether or not Daisy is engaged to Giovanelli which she doesn't answer right away. One night, Winterbourne decides to stop by the colosseum on his way home from a party and he encounters Daisy and Giovanelli. He advises them to leave and he too becomes fed up with Daisy’s behavior. Shortly after, Daisy becomes ill with Roman Fever. When Winterbourne goes to visit Daisy in the hotel, Mrs. Miller gives him a message f... Free Essays on Daisy Miller While In Switzerland Miss Miller meets a man named Winterbourne. Winterbourne, brought up by a socially elite group is continually warned by his aunt of his newly found friend. Mrs. Costello states, â€Å"They are very common†¦ They are the sorts of Americans that one does one’s duty by-not accepting† (p. 13). Mrs. Costello, Winterbournes aunt does not accept this flirtatious behavior of Miss Miller and actually refuses to meet her. Winterbourne’s views were quite different from his aunt due to his â€Å"old attachment from the little metropolis of Calvinism, he had been put to school there as a boy, and he had afterwards gone to college there-circumstances which had led to his forming a great many youthful friendships. Many of these he kept†(p.2). Winterbourne’s education and his liberal nature allowed him to continue his friendship with Miss Miller, a women of whom he was very attracted to. Although he was quite aware of the standards set in Europe in regard to young men. In Europe it is understood that young men are not at liberty to speak to unmarried women except under rare conditions. Winterbournes values were based on a larger societal perspective due to his continued education and travel. He understood the norms and customs of European’s and there countries and while he followed many of them his ability to see the big picture allowed him to pursue different friendships, his most recent being Miss Miller. While Winterbourne was able to look past the views of many of the citizens of Europe he could not convince his aunt to do the same. Like Mrs. Costello, the Europeans continued to hold their perceptions of Miss Miller and constantly judged her actions. Not realizing her status in Europe she was not invited to many of the events and parties in which the society held. Ultimately creating her own unfavorable perceptions of the countries in Europe. While speaking to Winterbourne she states, â€Å"The only thing that I don’t l...

Food Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Food - Assignment Example Moreover, the taking of the red wine is used as a remembrance of the blood spilled during Pesach offering (Strassfeld, 2006). This is an offering conducted while a child is being circumcised. The festive are fancy and enjoyable and people drink wine four times to remain awake throughout the celebration. The Passover, just like brit Milah is cerebrated with foods that have significant meaning to the Jewish faith. The festival last for a period of eight days and elderly people tell the story of the Passover to the younger generation. The food taken during this time include wine, hard boiled eggs, apple, bitter herbs, sweet potatoes and carrots and each has a special significance. Boiled egg symbolizes the end and beginning of a fresh year since the last Passover. The unleavened bread symbolizes hastiness a term synonymous with slavery and redemption. During Passover the Jewish prepare green vegetables which are taken raw or cooked to symbolize bitter herbs. The bitter herb arouses the unusualness and curiosity of children, as well as, remind of difficult and sad event in the history of the Jew (Strassfeld,

Firestone in liberia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Firestone in liberia - Research Paper Example Although such practices are quite apparent in Firestone, there is a conflict on whether the company alone should take full accountability for such inhumane act, or other organizations, such as the government, is also responsible. When one hears the word Liberia, freedom from servitude will automatically plays to mind. Liberia, as Pailey pointed out, is the â€Å"land of exile for repatriated American slaves ... a proverbial refuge from dehumanising, deplorable conditions of chattel slavery in United States† (77). It is in this place that the dark-skinned Americans are given the privilege to move in the community with less regard for social class. They are given the autonomy to cultivate the land, a choice that had been denied from them for generations, all because their looks and skin color are much different from the Caucasian groups they had served. Due to the lushness of their homeland, particular foreign investors took interest in one of the in-demand product in the market--rubber. This is where the Firestone had taken severe advantage. During the early 1990’s, Firestone struck up a deal with Liberia’s government, which had given them the right to a vast quantity of land for an annua l compensation of US$60,000 (Pailey 77). The deal had been reasonable for the government’s side, since they lack the resources to fully cultivate the land on the international level--giving more work opportunity for the Liberian citizens. Despite the promise of greater glory, Firestone did not go off in a rapid pace, as predicted. Several crises had been encountered by the company, resulting to a few dilemmas on revenue delays and loan problems. In the later part, problems seemed to have piled up, leading to military outbreak and involvement in civil war (Lee and Lee 123-125). The warring political parties in Liberia not only managed to destroy the colony, in the process, it also ruined the

Econ 103 Term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econ 103 - Term Paper Example China’s growth rate was 10.3% in the previous year, and an estimated 9.2% GDP growth is forecasted for 2012. One of the key concerns is inflation in China, which is expected to hover around the 4.3% mark in the following year, primarily due to higher commodity and food prices, and excessive liquidity in the market. China’s next 5-year plan has laid emphasis on reducing reliance on foreign investments due to risk profiles. Domestic consumption and services will be the target for this fiscal year. Private consumption is expected to increase by 12.6% due to rising incomes and excessive spending patterns, while at the same time exports will target a growth of 20%. Japan’s disaster stricken economy is expected to increase at 1.5% post the earthquake, but the nature of the crisis appears to be short-term to medium term. Compared to other Asian nations, China’s economic performance is still laudable, but the creeping inflation threat must be addressed before it s tarts hampering growth. The slowdown in China’s growth will further exacerbate if inflation is kept unchecked. The Asian Development Banks has emphasized that core inflation rising is an issue for most Asian nations are they house over 2/3rd of the worlds poor population, and hence corrective measures will be required from all facets to ensure that the problem does not spiral out of control. Theory Review & Analysis: There are a number of economic concepts are work here. Two of the most prominent ones include the GDP growth and the corresponding inflation rate in the country. China has witnessed phenomenal growth in recent times, primarily due to rapid increase in manufacturing and merchandising sectors of the country. As the fastest growing economy of the world, there is always that element of keeping the pace of growth within acceptable levels to avoid the heating up of the economic business cycle. Given the case at hand, we need to understand the fundamentals which are app licable in such a scenario. This includes the relationship between money supply and inflation. Another feature in the article is the relationship between interest rates and GDP. China’s economic framework is built on the fact that their GDP grows at a steady pace, so that they can sustain this growth. However, the excessive maneuvering of its key economic indicators has lead to a cause for concern. The first issue which is to be analyzed is the rampant increase in the money supply of the country. There has been a credit boom in China, and accessibility to money is no longer an issue for the common man. With banks pursuing easy lending policies and a positive outlook from the People’s Bank of China has left the money supply unchecked and has triggered an excess amount of liquidity in the system. Now it’s an established fact that the money market is in equilibrium when money supply = money demand. In China’s case, the money supply went up and the demand for money adjusted itself by increasing. Thus the spike in demand for money began. With the interest rates on lower ebb, people realized that the opportunity cost of saving money was forgo able and opted for consumption instead. Another established economic theory is that when demand increases, the economy starts growing until a point is reached when more demand for money just pushes the

The persuasive speech

The persuasive speech Persuasive Speech Did you know that 50% of kids in foster homes die from child abuse a year? There are a half of a million children in the foster care system. Many people are unaware of this hidden tragedy that happens behind closed doors and away from the public eye. We should take a stand and fight for stricter regulations with Child and Youth when children are placed in foster care. We should advocate tougher laws and guidelines for social workers, foster families and the ?system? that runs it. First, we should talk about the social workers that work for Division and Youth services. The regulations for social workers are poor and unethical. Most states do not have requirements to work in this profession only a high school diploma and the ability to pass a criminal background check. In Pennsylvania, the state does not demand a license for these workers. Social workers believe that their actions they take violates the law but say ?they are necessary to comply with ethical standards. Fredrick Reamer a PHD writes, ?social workers follow their own personal option and reasons of why they do the things they do? and ?believe that the laws are unjust and harmful? (Reamer 1). They are suppose to follow the laws that are in place by our Constitution and by the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics. What gives them the right to be above the law? In my case coming from New Jersey, the social workers came in and took us out for good reasons. In Pennsylvania, my neighbor was going to have her kids taken away because they missed so many days of school. Child and Youth came to her house and demand a reason for this. Jess, my neighbor, told me ? the lady came into my house and yelled at me in front of my kids, calling me an unfit parent and said that they were going to take the kids? (Jess, PI). Children and Family Justice Center says that technique is a criteria and ?see the bully fight as worth having, stand up for despised, demonized, brilliant and tenacious children? (Bernadine Dohrn 1). What should be done with these so called social workers? We should demand that all get a license in this field which requires a masters or a doctrine degree. We should tell the National Association of Social Workers to enforce penalties on those who do not follow the law and ethical standards that are in place to protect the families and children that are innocent. We have to come together as families and protect ourselves and know the laws in our state. Another problem we face is the foster homes and state run facilities. Agencies fail to investigate abuse reports, find permanent homes for children or track children under care. In Pennsylvania a judge wrote, ?In recent years, the system run by DHS and overseen by DPW had repeatedly failed to fulfill its mandates and unfortunately has often jeopardized the welfare of the children in its care? (Rick Thomas 1). Did you know that there are 20,000 kids in foster care in Pennsylvania and 30 percent of them have no prospect of having a permanent home? Or that ?28% of children in foster homes are abused a year and half of them die of abuse? (Donna Devane 1). There is more abuse occurring in foster homes than the general public and it is increasing each year. For example, Gilbreanie Wallace was placed in foster care because her grandmothers house became unlivable when her pipes broke and flooded her house. Instead of Division and Youth helping the family out and finding them another house, they took Gilbreanie and placed her with a family. A few months later, she was killed by the foster mother, who had several complaints against her already and a record of a troubled history. Thousands of children are removed from homes a day, mostly from non-abusive parents. Why does this occur? States receive thousands of dollars for grant money which taxpayers pay from the Federal government when they put children in State Protective Services, foster care or state run facilities. They get even more money if the parental rights are terminated after 15 months. This is destroying families and our country. Innocent families cannot afford the thousand of dollars to get an attorney to defend their rights and by that time it is too late. Even if they are proved to be innocent they are forced into treatment. Devane writes, ?falsely accused families run up the National Defense Budget by 4.1 billion dollars a year? (Devane 1). The taxpayers are left to pay for this bill. What impact does this have on the kids that go through the foster care system and are abused? Children experience separation anxiety disorder, trauma, physical and sexual abuse and sometimes death. It is a scary and traumatic experience being taken away from your family and your home. To be put in a home that sometimes are classified as unfit and not healthy for children to be in. Many states are cracking down on these homes and facilities but it is not enough. California alone had last year ? 3,000 cases of foster care facility problems that were not reported to the state? (Ben Tanzer 1). Lets put a stop this abuse in foster care settings and demand to the government to enforce stricter laws. We should advocate that every state has the same standards in foster and adoptive homes. We should fight for the right to have every person gets background checks before they let children stay with them. The government should have mandatory classes that teach these parents instead of throwing kids at their door with no prior knowledge. The law states in Pennsylvania, ?only a Police Officer is allowed to remove the children from the home and put them into protective custody when their in danger? (Rutherford Institute 1 ). Many states in this country have this law, except a few like New Jersey, where they are allowed to take the children without consent of the parents. So why does Pennsylvania allow social workers to slip through the cracks or have our homes searched without probably cause? We should crack down on the government and stand up for our children. The Federal government should have more investigations on child abuse reports that occur in foster care facilities. The states should start penalizing more homes and facilities that fail to provide promised medical and health services, and not checking children in their care. They should also change their reviews on each case. The Federal law requires a six month review for each child in foster care. We should petition for them to change that review to more frequent ones. I believe this would lessen the children that are waiting for homes. We should also demand that Pennsylvania change their adoption policy to an ?open adoption?. Right now the law states, ?adoption is a closed adoption, where you have no ties and cut from your birth family? (Adam Fleming 1). Many children in foster care do not want to have permanent homes because of them loosing ties with their birth parents. Changing the laws would encourage families and the children to move into permanent homes. The goal with the foster care system is to look after the children and defend them when abuse is at hand. I believe somewhere along the line we got off track and now the government set out to help is destroying our children. Cases that involve birth parents abusing their children should be top priority and the children should be taken out. Social workers and the Federal Government should not try to intervene with parents trying to raise their kids for something they do not like.

Human Consumption and Resource Depletion :: essays research papers fc

In today’s ever growing society, we must pay special attention to the amounts and types of resources we our currently consuming and the supply of these resources that will last us for the future. In researching this topic there are many factors to take into account such as the ever growing population, use of limited and unlimited resources, destruction of resources without full utilization of them, and the planning and discovering of new resources for our future. It is a safe assumption to make that our society’s population is not one that will be slowing down anytime soon. To date, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census the United States population is projected to be 290,634,727 people, with a net gain of one person every 11 seconds, and though this may seem quite large it is only a mere 1/25th the world population, which currently is around 6.5 billion people. With large numbers like these and an outlook for continuous growth, it must be taken into concern that at some point, the U.S. and the world as a whole is going to reach its carrying capacity, a point at which the resources in an environment can no longer support a greater population. Though this may still be hundreds of years away, by addressing energy consumption and depletions concerns now we can prolong and prepare for that date as best as possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States, and the world as a whole, there are three major areas in which resources can stem from; those are water, minerals, and the land. All of our resources and utilities to produce resources come from one of those three, and as our population continues to grow, those three sources are ever depleting. As stated above we are a culture who on the whole has a population that does not look like it will cease in growth anytime in the near future. Due to this, the planets limited supply of water seems to be one of the first things that would lead to destruction of our population. We already our currently experiencing global droughts that affect the production of other resources such as food, and therefore directly affect the health and stability of our population. With continued growth, it can only be expected that available water will be ever depleting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the focus on our continued growth, one must next look at its affects on the land in which live on.

Car Accidents †Problem and Solution Essay

The world would be a much better place if there were fewer car accidents. Car accidents happen daily and regularly these days. They leave pains behind for the victims’ families. Many people think that they will never get involved in car accidents. They don’t wear their seat belts, they drive after drinking, and they use their cell phones while driving. They do all these things without even giving a second thought, yet all these things are preventable. No one knows what will happen to them in the future except for God; thus, they should always stay alarmed. People don’t realize that doing those minor things cause them severe pains or even deaths. There are more than six million car accidents each year in the United States. A person dies in a car accident every twelve minutes and each year car crashes kill 40,000 people. Someone is injured by a car accident every fourteen seconds and about two million of the people who are injured in car accidents suffer permanent injuries. Car accidents are the leading cause of death for the people between two and thirty-four years old. Car crashes cost each American more than $1,000 a year; $164. 2 billion is the total cost each year across the U.S. (http://www.edgarsnyder.com/car-accident/statistics.html). As you can see, preserving car accidents not only saves the lives of the people, but also saves the money for their countries. This makes everyone to be involved in car accidents happen in their countries. So what causes the problem? There are many different reasons why car accidents happen. Some people are distracted while driving. They are on the phone, sending text messages, fixing their make-ups, and most of the drivers are distracted because of rubbernecking. They set their eyes on something else and run into walls, other cars, or posts. Another major reason is drinking. People do not know how dangerous it is to drive drunk; furthermore, they don’t even know they had been drinking because they drank too much. The fatigue of driving for many hours causes many accidents too. Drivers get tired and fall asleep without even noticing it. The speeding is also one of the reasons for accidents. Even though there are speed limits for different places, people don’t keep them. Teens race on highways with motorbikes or cars. Adults get drunk and drive as fast as rockets. Some people face accidents because of others. Other people may ignore the laws of traffic and run into you. You may not deserve it, but accidents happen at any time. It is your responsibility to always stay awake and be alarmed. There is no simple or specific solution to the problem of car accidents. All of us just need to keep the basic rules and laws. People need to be aware of accidents at anytime and anywhere. Individuals cannot solve this problem. We all have to work on it as one nation to solve it. Only one or two people keeping the warnings in their mind won’t help that much to prevent the accidents. Everyone should obey and follow the rules. That’s why there are rules, to keep them. However, people think lightly about the traffic laws. They just think driving as their daily routine. This mistaken thought would lead not only them but other people to death. To be stricter so people would follow the laws, I think we should raise the fines for not keeping the laws. For example, people who cross the mid lines, people who pass the red lights, people who litter out the window, and etc. They all should pay the fines with conscience. I saw Malaysian people ignoring the warning stickers on their cars and throwing them on the floor. They think that bribing the police officer would do the magic trick. There are some police officers’ faults too, but it is wrong for us to bribe at the first place. We should take responsibilities for what we’ve done and pay them. Another basic solution we could do is to not drive after drinking. People who get drunk should take a taxi or ask one of their friends to drive them home. We should place the police officers more often on the roads at night, so people would not drive after drinking. Another thing we can do is to put more cameras on the road to take more pictures of those who speed up over the limit. We can put warning signs of cameras to help the people stay alarmed. Then the teens would not race anymore, and the adults would not drive fast for any reason. All the drivers should have a rest every two hours. People should ride on the trains, ships or airplanes for long trips. Drivers should get enough sleep or rest before they drive. They should not go for long journey after heavy loads of work. All of these can prevent the fatigue of driving for many hours. We should teach about car accidents, and about its consequences more often in school. So we can show the students how dangerous car accidents can be. I know people don’t wish to get involved in car accidents, but people don’t take it seriously until they actually get involved. The problem would not be solved until the drivers take actions and people take the warnings seriously. Fines and policing would not solve everything because people would only slow down in front of the cameras, and police officers. They would speed up again when no one is watching. If this continues like this, no one can solve it. The solution lies within our conscience and honesty.

American Voting Behavior essays

American Voting Behavior essays Voting defines democracy. Voting is the fundamental right of almost all American citizens over the age of eighteen. In insures that the will of the people is preserved. The essential difference between America and a dictatorial nation such as Iraq is the right of our citizens to choose between two parties who represent differing opinions and contrasting viewpoints. Throughout the history of franchise, American voting behavior has showed continual patterns that can be identified and explained. To begin, young Americans develop attitudes and form opinions that allow them to get along with society. These beliefs affect the political views they hold dear later in life. This is a result of the phenomenon known as political socialization. The strongest socializing agent in political socialization is the family. That is, most children eventually adopt the beliefs of their family. Therefore, most people believe in and vote for issues that are important to members of their preceding generation, especially their mothers. Additionally, the extent to which an individual is involved in the political process is shaped by his or her familys level of involvement. If a child is raised in a house that never votes, it is quite unlikely that the child will become an active participant, and vice-versa. Although not as strong of a socializing agent, educational institutions also play a role in developing the behavior of the voter. Schools are filled with teachers who may display thei r own biases, perhaps indirectly socializing their students. This has posed a problem in the mind of conservatives, who claim that liberals, who are plentiful in both public and higher education, unknowingly pull the political beliefs of their students to the left. Next, there may be several temporary factors that contribute to American voting behavior, but party identification has always been a long-term regularity. Nearly two thirds of...

United States Presidential Pay and Compensation

United States Presidential Pay and Compensation Effective Jan. 1, 2001, the annual salary of the President of the United States was increased to $400,000 per year, including a $50,000 expense allowance, a  $100,000 nontaxable travel account, and a  $19,000 entertainment account.  The presidents salary is set by Congress, and under Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution, may not be increased or reduced during his or her current term of office. Chief Executive Salary The increase was approved as part of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act (Public Law 106-58), passed in the closing days of the 106th Congress. Sec. 644. (a) Increase in Annual Compensation.Section 102 of title 3, United States Code, is amended by striking $200,000 and inserting $400,000. (b) Effective Date.The amendment made by this section shall take effect at noon on January 20, 2001. Since initially being set at $25,000 in 1789, the president’s base salary has been increased on five occasions as follows: $50,000 on March 3, 1873$75,000 on March 4, 1909$100,000 on January 19, 1949$200,000 on January 20, 1969$400,000 on January 20, 2001 In his First Inaugural Address on April 30, 1789, President George Washington stated that he would not to accept any salary or other remuneration for serving as president.  To accepting his $25,000 salary, Washington stated, â€Å"I must decline as inapplicable to myself any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive department, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed may during my continuance in it be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.† In addition to a basic salary and expense accounts, the president also gets some other benefits. A Full-Time Dedicated Medical Team Since the American Revolution, the official physician to the president, as director of the White House Medical Unit created in 1945, has provided what the White House calls worldwide emergency action response and comprehensive medical care to the president, the vice president, and their families. Operating from an on-site clinic, the White House Medical Unit also attends to the medical needs of the White House staff and visitors. The official physician to the president  oversees a staff of three to five military physicians, nurses, medical assistants, and medics. The official physician and some members of his or her staff remain available to the president at all times, in the White House or during presidential trips. Presidential Retirement and Maintenance Under the Former Presidents Act, each former president is paid a lifetime, taxable pension that is equal to the annual rate of basic pay for the head of an executive federal department- $201,700  in 2015- the same annual salary paid to secretaries of the Cabinet agencies. In May 2015, Rep. Jason Chaffetz (R-Utah), introduced the Presidential Allowance Modernization Act, a bill that would have limited the lifetime pension paid to former presidents at $200,000 and removed the current link between presidential pensions and the salary paid to Cabinet secretaries. In addition, Sen. Chaffetz’s bill would have reduced the presidential pension by $1 for every dollar over $400,000 per year earned by former presidents from all sources. For example, under Chaffetz’s bill, former President Bill Clinton, who made almost $10 million from speaking fees and book royalties in 2014, would get no government pension or allowance at all. The bill was passed by the House on Jan. 11, 2016, and passed in the Senate on June 21, 2016. However, On July 22, 2016, President Obama vetoed the Presidential Allowance Modernization Act, telling Congress the bill â€Å"would impose onerous and unreasonable burdens on the offices of former presidents.† Help With Transition to Private Life Each former president and vice president may also take advantage of funds allocated by Congress to help facilitate their transition to private life. These funds are used to provide suitable office space, staff compensation, communications services, and printing and postage associated with the transition. As an example, Congress authorized a total of $1.5 million for the transition expenses of outgoing President George H.W. Bush and Vice President Dan Quayle. The Secret Service provides lifetime protection for former presidents who entered office before Jan. 1, 1997, and for their spouses. Surviving spouses of former presidents receive protection until remarriage. Legislation enacted in 1984 allows former Presidents or their dependents to decline Secret Service protection. Former Presidents and their spouses, widows, and minor children are entitled to treatment in military hospitals. Health care costs are billed to the individual at a rate established by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Former Presidents and their dependents may also enroll in private health plans at their own expense.

Movie review 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1 - Movie Review Example It is a movie about a French criminal Michel who is enamored by the cinematic persona of Humphrey Bogart. He ends up killing a policeman while committing a crime and is shown to be on the run from the police. Per chance he comes across an American girl with whom he falls in love. This youthful American girl Patricia is ambivalent about her feelings of love for Michel though she does her best to help him and make good his escape to Italy. Eventually Patricia gives in to the ambivalence bothering her and betrays Michel to the police, who is shot dead while making an escape. This is a war film that is based on the feeling of camaraderie between groups of French prisoners of war. This film presents the essential humanity in the soldiers affiliated to the warring sides and the cinematic drama in the film ensues from the prisoners of war Marechal and Rosenthal making good their escape from the Germans towards the Swiss border. The romantic drama in the film owes to an affair between a German woman Elsa and Marechal, who is eventually renounced by Marechal to be true to his call of duty. Au Hasard Balthazar is a film showcasing the life of a young farm girl and her donkey. Though the girl and the donkey eventually get separated, the film traces the life of both as they come in contact with different people and suffer abuse and violence at their hands. The donkey is shown to take abuse and violence from his varied owners with a sense of poise and grace, which elevates him to the rank of a saint. In contrast, though the girl also suffers abundant violence and abuse in her life, yet her destiny remains unresolved and chaotic, thereby bringing in a sense of irony into the plot. This is a film that has for its setting a village in the Indian province of Bengal. This film captures the Indian country life in Bengal during the World War II. It showcases the immense human suffering and pain marking the Great Famine of 1943 in the province of Bengal

Talent Development and Capability in Sunny Optical Dissertation

Talent Development and Capability in Sunny Optical - Dissertation Example When the four dimensions of emotional intelligence pursuant to Coleman’s model are examined, the value for talent retention and attraction is obvious. These four dimensions of emotional intelligence are the cornerstone of â€Å"effective primal leadership† (Pahl 2008, p. 8). Leaders will not be able to manage their emotions if they are not aware of their own emotions. As a result, their ability to cope with and manage organization relationships will be compromised. Also tied to self-awareness is self-confidence. A confident leader inspires trust from within the organizations. This is important because, talented employees are more likely to remain with an organization lead by a self-confident leader (Pierce and Newstrom 2002). The self-management dimension of emotional intelligence is also important to talent retention and attraction because it is tied to control of one’s emotions and will likely be accompanied by transparent leadership, the ability to adapt, high achievement, initiative and optimism. What this means is that by being transparent, Wu exhibits key elements of trustworthiness: honesty and integrity. Being able to adapt means that Wu has the necessary ability to adapt to the new labour law and low available talent and to overcome these challenges. Achievement means that Wu has the determination to enhance performance and talent and to meet these objectives. Being possessed of initiative, Wu is ready to act and to take advantage of any opportunity that arises (Pahl 2008). Social awareness is perhaps the most important trait associated with emotional intelligence for resolving the challenges for SO. Social awareness involves empathy and manifests the basic ability to sense and predict the emotions of others and to show understanding and interest... The paper demonstrates how the emotional intelligence is a good way to retain and attract talent and thus if channelled properly. The drive to attract and retain talent is important for the success of any organization. Ultimately, organizations will stand or fall on its talent. The key issues are whether or not Wu and the remainder of the management team at SO are making the correct decisions relative to where to invest finances and human capital and whether or not they have the wherewithal to ensure that the organization is innovative and competitive. This report identifies the challenges for achieving this objective and recommends ways that SO can overcome these challenges to meet its talent retention goals. As a result of the difficulties associated with coming into direct contact with leaders, the following recommendations are made so that SO capitalizes on its CEO’s emotional intelligence for the purpose of retaining and attracting talent. To start with, SO is a knowledge intensive organization with its emphasis on quality products and innovation. Finally and more importantly, as the paper says, Wu should take steps to ensure that he is personally available to his staff so that they can be influenced by his emotional intelligence. It is not enough that he meets weekly with other management. In the meantime, funds and resources should be allocated to training and education so that all staff members will have the opportunity to develop talent.

Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Critique - Essay Example It is vital to understand the methods implemented by single mothers to successfully cope with stress as mothers experiencing stress can be detrimental to the stressors of their children. Similarly, a link has been revealed that shows a correlation between the economic stress of a single mother, the way in which she responds to and raises her child, and the overall outcome of her child in regard to their own behaviors and future economic status. Understanding how economic pressure negatively influences a single mother will also help in gaining an understanding into how maternal optimism promotes positive parenting behaviors despite environmental adversity, thus promoting a positive life for the child. Another purpose that this article serves is to fill the gap of literature pertaining to dispositional optimism within minority ethnic groups, especially in relation to mother-headed homes. Very few studies have been undergone in regard to this; most studies have looked into the negative influences and outcomes of single-mother households, shunting aside the existence of maternal optimism in other families with similar structures. Methods The study began in the mid-1990s, using 889 African American children, their caregivers, and, when possible, an older sibling, all living in Iowa and Georgia. The participants of the study were taken on through telephone interviews. Data was collected between these families in four different waves, starting in 1997 and ending in 2006. Of the original 889 participants available during the first wave, only 86.7% were involved in wave two and three interviews. From this group, families run by single mothers, as opposed to caregivers, were chosen and the others were dismissed. The final sample group of the study consisted of 394 single mother families. During each interview, two two-hour home visits in a span of seven days were made to each family. The first visit involved the giving of consent, both of the mother and the children to p articipate in the study; name and locations of schools were also given, and children’s teachers were authorized to provide further information about the children’s functioning at school. The ages of the participating children varied from ten to fifteen years of age; the mean age of the mothers was thirty-five years of age. The mean education of the mothers was approximately twelve years, and the mean income was $20,689. The mean number of children per family varied between one and two. Various questions were asked of the mothers and children, each pertaining to certain economic situations or behavioral statuses. These variables would be used to measure the overall situations of the individual families. These variables are are follows: Mother’s childhood adversity, which asked eight questions to determine if the mother was subjected to specific adverse childhood advents such as a relative living at home having a serious drinking problem. Economic pressure, which measured four indicators (unmet material needs, cannot make ends meet, financial cutbacks, and no money), all dealing with the financial situation of the household. Mother’s dispositional optimism was then measured, offering yes/no questions to determine the mother’s level of optimism during times of hardship. Mother’s internalizing symptoms, which measured how depressed, discouraged,

The Country I Live in Essay Example for Free

The Country I Live in Essay I living in Russia, love our country and is proud of it. The official name of our country is The Republic of the Russian Federation there are 21 republics and 65 other regions in the Russian Federation. The key symbol of Russia is the troika. The Nation government of Russia consist of the President, the Council of Ministers and Federal Assembly. There are two houses in the Federal Assembly: The Federal Council and the State Duma. The population of Russia is about 145000000. The ecological situation in Russia is not very safe. Pollution in some industrial towns is high. Some parts of western Russia were badly influenced by the radiation from Chernobyl in 1986. Russia is located in Northern hemisphere, in the north of continent Eurasia. She is washed by waters of Silent and Arctic oceans, and also Baltic, Black, Azov by the seas of Atlantic ocean and Caspian sea, More than 70 % of territory of Russia are occupied by plains and lowlands. In the south of the European part northern ridges of the Big caucasus (here there is the highest top of Russia Elbrus, 5 642) In Russia more than 120 thousand rivers and about 2 million lakes. The largest rivers: the Cupid, Lena, Yenisei, Irtysh, Ob, Volga, Kama; the largest lakes Caspian seas, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega. Position of Russia in northern part of Eurasia has caused her placing in Arctic, subarctic, moderated and partially in subtropical climatic belts. The prevailing part of territory is located in a moderate belt. A variety of a climate depends also on features of a relief and affinity or remoteness of ocean. Woods occupy over 40 % of territory. In territory of Russia there is a fifth part of all woods of the world and half of world coniferous woods. The fauna is various here live both polar bears, and walruses, both tigers, and leopards, etc. In Russia 35 national parks and 84 reserves are located. Unique in the country the natural park which is in city boundaries — Omsk  «the Birds harbour ». Moscow the capital of Russia and one of the worlds great cities. Yuri Dolgoruky founds Moscow in 1147. Today Moscow is the political centre of Russia, the countys leading city in population, industry and in culture importance. Moscow is definitely a city of contrasts. So rich in many ways, yet in other ways, quite poor. Moscow stands on the Moskva River in the centre of vast plain of European Russia. The climate is continental. Moscow is the largest industrial centre of Russia. The most important industries are those producing automobiles and trucks, machine tools, radio and television sets. The most important element in Moscows city transport is the metro subway. The system was began in 1935 and still developing. Some of the stations, especially the older ones, are highly decorate with marble, statues and mosaics. Moscow is a city where a lot can be seen and much can be done. You can seen: Red Square, St. Basils Cathedral, The Momunent to Minin and Pozharsky, Lobnoye Metro, The Spasskay Tower, The Lenin Mausoleum, The State History Museum, The State Department Store (GUM) and many other places. Moscow has numerous theaters, headed by the State Academic Bolshoi Theatre, which was founded in 1825. The citys principal drama theatre is the Moscow Art Theatre. Also of the worldwide fame are the State Central Puppet Theatre and Moscow State Circus. Moscow has some museums and art galleries of international rank. Among them are the State Pushkin of Fine Arts, with a fine international collection, and the State Tretyakov Gallery with an excellent collection of Russian paintings. Moscow is one of the cities of the world that must be seen. Russia has produced a great number of very creative and talented people, for example: Alexander Pushkin, Peter Tchaikovsky, Isaac Levitan, Georgy Zhykov, Yuti Gagarin, Andrei Sakharov, Boris Godunov, Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Putin and e.t.c. Theatrical performances, museums and picture galleries in fact all aspects of Russian live prove that. The Russians are much interested it the rest of the world. Russian people are very hospitable, hardworking, friendly, open, honest, generous, kind, sometimes sentimental, sometimes careless, often unsmiling, having bold manners, sometimes lazy and selfish. Russian love animals, especially dogs and horses. Russian cultural level is quite high, Russian people like to read books, to visit theaters, museums and different concerts. We are the nation of sport lovers because our people like different kinds of sports and spend a lot of time going in for sport or just watching it. Many Russian are religious people. The main church is the Russian Orthodox Church. It has survived the hard times and now people speak about a rebirth of religion in the country. Russian keep our traditions because there are lots of traditions which have been maintained from ancient time. Russian national holidays — the holidays of Russian people connected with widespread national traditions of their carrying out. New year (in the night from December, 31st for January, 1st). It is accepted to decorate a premise the decorated New Year tree or branches. At midnight for January, 1st the congratulation of the head of the state and peal of bells obeys. On a table it is accepted to submit, among other, a Russian salad and champagne. To children give gifts (from Father Frost). According to sociological polls, it is the most celebrated holiday. Christmas (on January, 7th on new style and on December, 25th on Ã'ŽÐ »Ã ¸Ã °Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' to a calendar) — an orthodox holiday. At night before Christmas it is accepted to guess that was never approved by orthodox church. The holiday is marked by a solemn celebratory supper. The tradition to mark Christmas is officially restored in Post-Soviet Russia. Day of the defender of Fatherland (on February, 23rd) — widely celebrated mans holiday established at the Soviet power, and in Post-Soviet Russia become in the day off. Women congratulate men and give them gifts. Congratulations are accepted also by women-military men, and also participants of wars. The international womens day (on March, 8th) — female holiday officially established still at the Soviet power became in public marked. Men congratulate women, give them flowers and gifts. Maslenitsa (Pancake week) — week before the Lent. Has ancient pagan roots. During all week bake and eat pancakes. Easter — an orthodox holiday. Celebratory meal — Easter (cottage cheese with candied fruits), Easter cakes, coloured in red colour and welded eggs. Victory Day over Hitlerite Germany (on May, 9th) — an official All-Russia holiday. It is accepted to visit burial places of the soldiers who were lost during the Second World War, and to remember the fallen. Veterans put on awards and medals and accept congratulations. This day on Red Square military parade is spent. Celebratory actions last years are decorated by yellow-black Guards tapes. Day of national unity (on November, 4th). A Victory Day of Russian over the Polish invaders in 1612. This day across all Russia Russian nationalists spend Russian march. The greatest love of Russia is for tea – its drunk without milk and often served with homemade jam (varene), baranki and pirozhki. The mail dishes of the traditional menu are blini (homemade pancakes) with caviar, honey or sour crà ¨me; different soups (like shci and borshch), pirozhki, pelmyeni. Usually tourists buy traditional Russian souvenirs such as Martyoshka dolls, beautifully painted mugs, plates and spoons from the village of Khokhloma and Palekh boxes.

Project Management Of The Emirates Stadium Construction Essay

Project Management Of The Emirates Stadium Construction Essay A lot has been documented on the principals and methodologies required to successfully execute a project, that it almost seems a Clichà © when the term project management is discussed. However, I shall try to focus on project management in the construction industries as it is a good idea to discuss project management as it applies to a specific industry. In this two part report, I shall attempt to first critically analyse and evaluate the PM challenges as documented in the group presentations, with the aim of; Critically evaluating the management challenges identified and highlighting how the groups dealt with identifying the challenges and frameworks adopted in explaining these challenges. Evaluating the procurement strategy adopted and considering reasons for its adoptions, benefits derived and circumstances contributing to its success, before considering alternative approaches. Make a comparison between the management strategy adopted for the emirate stadium and established best practices. THE EMIRATE STADIUM Arsenal football club had previously occupied the Highbury stadium. With a capacity to hold 35,000 fans, this was grossly inadequate for a club increasing in fan base due to her popularity and successes achieved in competition with other top flight clubs in the premiership. Therefore the club management decided to invest in a larger stadium as a means of accommodating the increasing fan population but more strategically, rebranding the club and increasing its competitiveness with top flight clubs at the premiership. PROJECT OVERVIEW Hence, a design and built contract was signed by Sir Robert Alpine for a  £220m worth 60,000 capacity stadium facility, after an intense planning and conception stage spanning 5 years. The entire project cost was estimated at  £400m including related projects due to relocation works and ancillary works. (Designbuild-network.com, 2008) The actual construction commenced March 2004 and was completed by July 2006 ahead of schedule and on budget. At the end of the entire project, 80 businesses had been relocated, 2500 new homes had been provided, 2600 new jobs and 4 new community health facilities built. A successful project with regards to its achievement of project objectives at the stipulated time frame, within the estimated budget and to the quality and performance required. (Arsenal, 2007) But like all projects, risks, challenges and uncertainties are sure to abound, the outcome of the project however, will depends on the identification and mitigations of these risks and uncertainties plus the application of management strategies and tools. CLASSIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF IDENTIFIED CHALLENGES So lets look at the challenges identified, one key observation from a critical assessment of the group challenges identified was the frequent repetition of similar challenges expressed in different words, mainly due to varying dictions of expressions. Classification of these challenges was therefore necessary to critically evaluate and analyse them. Some groups adopted a framework to identify the challenges. Groups 3 and 4 in particular, identified the challenges using the project life cycle framework. On the other hand, groups 1, 2 and 5 viewed the challenges by broadly looking at individual elements of the projects strategic management and operational stages as viewed by the contractor during the implementation of the project. For groups adopting the project life cycle framework, the task of identifying key challenges was best viewed by considering each phase of the lifecycle. The initiation and planning stages in particular, required critical risks assessments before the implementation phase because of the ease to adjust plans and mitigate risks at these initial phases. They effectively pointed out that, due to the attention paid to issues such as collaboration, client management, extensive site investigation and a constant assessment of uncertainties, a smooth implementation stage ensued. Presentations for group 1, 2 and 5 as mentioned earlier, broadly looking at individual management strategies of the project implementation and operational stages as viewed by the contractor during the implementation of the project and can be broadly categorised under the following; Strategic Management challenges: client satisfaction, stakeholder impact and project coordination. By identifying the need to manage people, risks, strategy adopted budgetary issues and contracts details, these presentations focused primarily on organisational elements of the project with emphasis on the construction management aspects. Operational/Design and Construction Challenges: Although project management challenge was the main focus, it seems illogical not to consider certain technical issues as major challenges. Therefore key engineering challenges such as restrictions in stadium height (a local planning authority directive), pitch quality, service fitting and the need for access bridges to the stadium were challenges that shaped most decisions taken by the project managers. Table 2.1 Categorisation of Identified Challenges MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK CATEGORISATION IDENTIFIED CHALLENGES GROUPS PROJECT LIFECYCLE FRAMEWORK INITIATIONS Scope and Specification, Identifying stakeholders, Deciding Location, Planning Business and home Relocations, 3 4 PLANNING Reaching and securing Authority Approval, Satisfying Stakeholder and client expectation, Procurement Strategy Selection. Risk Management IMPLEMENTATION Design and Technical Challenges, Risk Mitigation, Traffic control, Community involvement, TERMINATION Testing and commissioning Challenges, Client Satisfaction NO SPECIFIC FRAMEWORK STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Procurement Strategy, Document Management, Timing and Scheduling, Stakeholder and Client management, Team work and Coordination, Defining Scope, Communication, Cash flow and Budget Control. 1, 2 5 OPERATIONAL/DESIGN CONSTRUCTION Pitch Quality, Roof design, Construction Technique, Weather, Geotechnical, height restraints, Relocation and details, Pedestrian Bridges, Choice of Material The table above show the key project management challenges identified and categorised under management frameworks as adopted by the groups. PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACH All groups identified the adopted procurement strategy as the design and build or turnkey approach however, the common opinion was that adopting a management contract procurement approach would have proved equally successful. To critically evaluate the management approach and understand the reasons for its adoption and factors aiding its successful utilization, a brief description of these two procurement approaches would be reviewed. Design and Build: one contractor is employed to design, manage and construct the project. Although mostly taking a variety of forms, the contractors roles may include the following; As principal contractor who carries out all design and construction, with minor subcontractors. As the clients agent, managing the consultants and contractors who carry out the actual design. A combination of principal contractor for design or construction, and management contractor for the other functions. ( F. Harrison and D. Lock, 2004) So why was this adopted? To a greater extent, it provided the client (Arsenal FC) the following advantages; Time/ contract duration could be shortened and facility ready for start of the new season Exempted the client from the technicalities of building a stadium. They were club managers who knew nothing about building a stadium but recognized the importance of the facility in meeting their business goal. Protected the client from the complexities in project organisation. Enable the client to transfer most risks identified in the conception stage. In this case study, Sir Robert Alpine was the designated design and build contractor, together with her supply chain which included Architects HOK Sports venue, Bur Happold (the structural, Mechanical and electrical engineers) and AYH PLC (Project Managers/Quantity Surveyors). Figure 2.1 ORGANISATION/PROJECT ROLE FOR THE EMIRATE STADIUM CONSTRUCTION The alternative, management contracting approach as recommended by all, is characterised by the client appointing an external organisation to manage and coordinate the delivery of the project. The main advantages to the client in the case study would have been benefits from time and cost savings and better flexibility with regards to changes. Thereby, allowing the client to concentrate on dealing with sponsorship deals, investors and the large number of stakeholders. COMPARISION WITH BEST PRACTICE The main success criterion of a construction project is the value of the facility to the client over time. Successful delivery requires an integrated process in which design, construction, operations and maintenance are considered as a whole, together with an understanding of how the project will affect efficiency and service delivery over the lifetime of the project. (OGC, 2009) So whatever they are called, best practices, golden rules or PM creeds, the general believe is, following these techniques summaries in figure 2.2 below will effectively manage a project to time, cost, quality and performance. The office of Government commerce therefore set out guidance to achieving excellence in construction project management. In their opinion success is guaranteed if projects are planned to ensure they possess the following; Projects provide the best option to meet the business need Have sufficient resources allocated to deliver the project and effectively manage these resources. Are managed through defined and accepted accountabilities, supported by clear and short reporting lines which ensure effective channels of communication between stakeholders, clients and project Implementation team Have a clear commitment throughout the integrated project team to clearly defined objectives. (OGC, 2009) I shall endeavour to compare the management approach as adopted in this case study with the recommended and prescribed best practices as stated by the office of Government Commerce. The OGC recommends that resources, roles and responsibilities for delivery should be assigned to effective individuals who are empowered to deliver, who are drawn from the business unit that owns the project. The OGC further stated, Critical consideration needs to be paid to ensuring effective lines of communication. The effectiveness of the lines of communication to top level management, who are then responsible for making decisions based on these information provided. Successful delivery requires an integrated process in which design, construction, operation and maintenance are considered as a whole. (OGC, 2007) Health and safety performance during all phases of the project is mandatory. There are also legal requirements which require clients to set requirements for healthy, safe working conditions and facilities on construction sites. (OGC, 2007) Amongst the OGCs best practice recommendations, is the selection of the right people for the project team. They stated that the selection of an integrated project team is a paramount consideration in project planning. The best projects and the best clients put time into getting the right project team. They assess the quality of the individuals, their ability to work together and their experience. For the emirate stadium case study, the design and build contractor commented after the project completion (SRM, 2009) [a] textbook example of project management and team building, Emirates Stadium showcases the benefits our collaborative approach to business can bring. Our early involvement and that of our key supply chain partners was an essential element in the projects success. Risk assessment and value management should be continually assessed throughout a projects lifecycle. With early collaboration between the entire integrated project team, risks are better identified and resolved before risk mitigations become too expensive to implement. (OGC, 2007) The adoption of the lowest price tendered does not often lead to best value for money. Quality and costs of the implemented projected over the life of the asset are the real indicators of value for money. The focus should always be the optimum balance of required quality and the whole-life costs of a facility the costs of acquiring it, the costs of maintaining it and the costs of operating it over the whole life of the asset to its disposal. (OGC, 2007) Judges at the awards for the building project of the year stated, The whole process was an example of how important teamwork should be to a project, with everyone from the client to the contractor and subcontractors coming together and working successfully to ensure the project was completed on time and under budget. The way that this team tackled design changes should be a lesson to the industry. (Martin Spring, 2007) In summary, the emirate stadium project highlighted in context and principle, is an exemplary addition to best practice adoption and utilization in stadium construction, of course with certain modification as best fits the project in question. Figure 2.2 BEST PRACTICE SUMMARY USING THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE FRAMEWORK For example, collaboration during the planning and design stage, formulating and communicating set milestones to the project team, feed backs and managing the clients expectation in view of the outcomes provided. Figure 2.3 show as weights, the management strategy adopted in relation to a summarised best practice. Figure 2.3 COMPARING BEST PRACTICE WITH CASE STUDY THE 2012 OLYMPIC GAMES For this part of the report, I shall attempt to develop guidelines for the 2012 Olympic by firstly; Discussing the differences between managing a single project and managing a project as part of a larger portfolio or programme. Review current facts about the on-going 2012 Olympic stadium construction that will further assist to pinpoint and discuss project management challenges. And then finally, based on the characteristics of the project identified, lessons learnt and a review of the best practices, develop guidelines for the project. PROJECT OVERVIEW In July 2005 the International Olympic Committee awarded the city of London the hosting rights for the 2012 Olympic Games. With the establishment of this immovable deadline, the London organising committee for the Olympic Games (LOCOG), aware of the heights of expectations, particularly after the ingenuity displayed by the Chinese, began plans in earnest. Milestones were set, plans conceived and a programme to regenerate London in preparation for the games was hatched. The entire programme included amongst others, the redevelopment of a 24 hectare Olympic park to accommodate an Olympic stadium, ten sports venues, an Olympic Village, media centre, parklands, several training venues and pre-game training camps. THE OLYMPIC STADIUM The stage was therefore set for the construction of the main Olympic arena, the 80,000 capacity Olympic stadium. At an estimated cost of  £469 million, to be completed in 2011 and convertible to a 25,000 capacity stadium after the games. PROGRAMME MANAGEMENT VERSUS PROJECT MANAGEMENT Having clearly stated how the Olympic stadium (as a project) fits into the entire Olympic delivery programme, I will begin by defining a project, a programme and their managements. This will enable my arguments in reviewing the differences between managing a single project and a project under a programme of work. D.C Ferns (1991, p. 21) defined a programme as a group of projects managed in a coordinated manner in other to gain benefits which are not achievable by managing individual projects independently. R.S House (1988, p. 16) in his book the human side of project management defined a project as [a] group of related tasks or activities which together satisfy one or more objectives. Robert Prieto defined program management as [t]he definition and integration of a number of projects to cause a broader, strategic business outcome to be achieved. He further argued that Programme management is not just the sum of all project management activities but also includes management of the risks, opportunities and activities that occur between projects. (PM Hut, 2008) While an individual project will employ a specific project delivery approach (design-bid-build, design/build, DBOM etc.), program management may combine different delivery approaches across multiple projects to best achieve the desired strategic business objectives. In the case study as I will later explain, a consortium was formed (Team McAlpine) to deliver the project. Now using several management parameters, I will therefore itemize the differences between their managements. Table 3.1 Differences between Programme Management and project Management Parameter Programme Management Project Management Organization Semi-permanent in nature, resourced to address the full range of business requirements associated with achievement of a strategic business objective Transient organization in nature, resourced to address a limited set of requirements that may be more temporal in nature and not recurring through all project phases. Organizational Alignment Analogous to building a new company with a sharply defined strategic business objective. Team alignment around project and contract requirements Outcome Definition Strategic Business Outcome (enterprise viewpoint) Defined scope, schedule and budget (output viewpoint) Risk Management Management of all risks associated with achievement of the defined strategic business objectives Management of assumed risks Requirements Establish programmatic and system technical requirements and allocate as appropriate to individual projects Manage project to meet the allocated programmatic and system technical requirements Interface Management Management of all programmatic interfaces between defined projects as well as other programmatic interfaces with stakeholder groups Management of allocated interfaces, if any, and all interfaces within the assembled project team Execution Planning Program wide execution planning including top level schedule, budget, performance standards, supply chain configuration and contracting strategy Project execution planning consistent with agreed to scope schedule, budget. and performance standards Timeframe Through achievement of strategic business objectives (more permanent in nature) Duration associated with completion of project activities Stakeholder Engagement Identification and integration of stakeholders interests and proactive engagement to assure achievement of strategic business objectives Interaction with stakeholder groups only as contractually provided for Source 🙠 PM Hut, 2008) Figure 3.1 Impressionist view of the London 2012 stadium. PROJECT MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES Before outlining the challenges, we will look briefly at certain information we have gather about the games so far. The multidisciplinary management structure required to deliver the project. The LOCOG acts in the capacity of client for the stadium project. They appointed the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) to manage all embodied projects with the stadium inclusive. Hok sports, venues ltd was the designated architects, Bur Happlold the service engineers, Sir Robert Alpine the construction firm and M-E Engineers as the mechanical consultant. A consortium was formed and named Team McAlpine comprising all mentioned for the delivery of the project. The share size and number of stakeholders was of National and international proportion. These includes; The mayor and people of Stratford, London Minister for the Olympics British Olympic Association The International Olympic committee The individual featured sports committee The department of culture, media and sports The British Paralympics Association More than a dozen sponsors and Partners Quite a number of official suppliers and providers. The interrelated projects that would have direct and indirect impacts on the stadium construction e.g. the Olympic park, the volodrome, the access bridges. The budget initially estimated at  £280 million but quickly rose to  £496 million mostly due to rising inflation and an increase in contingencies (Guardian, 2009). The stadiums proposed location, a contaminated site at Stratford in central London. (Contract Journal, 2009) The economic downturn that hit the financial market and the world in general. Rising inflation figures as released by economic analyst on the health of the economy. The announcement by the IOC, naming sustainability as a focus for the summer Olympics, this made it clear that the London 2012 organizers had to think beyond the Olympics and consider the concept of legacy, in particular environmental sustainability. (B. Digby, 2009). Therefore, challenges were present right from the conception phase through the entire project lifecycle, and based on the facts listed above, the following challenges can be deduced; The sustainability slogan meant most of the designs proposed had to be carbon sensitive and sustainability driven. This called for innovative designs and as explained by Alan Webb (1996, p. x) the management and creation of innovative projects are the most challenging of all managerial tasks as novelty implies a leap into the unknown. It is not for the faint hearted for there are shocks and surprises around every corner. Cost and budgetary issues represents one of the greatest challenges the project faces. Many things can happen during the lifecycle of a project to increase project cost estimate, distort the expected rate and magnitude of expenditure (D. Lock, 2007). Has was the case when the recent financial meltdown raised its ugly head. The challenge of managing stakeholder involvement is worth mentioning. Particularly regarding the sensitivity attached to stadium construction in the United Kingdom. The media was recently awash with condemnation for the management team of the Wembley stadium finishing behind schedule and with an escalated budget. Secondly, the magnitude of stakeholders warrants a proper dissemination of information and the pre-planned mitigation of wrong or biased information. A.D. Orr (2004, P. 8) wrote, [t]he purpose of a stakeholder plan is to ensure that the relationships between the principal people in the project have been discussed and the information flowing between them have been agreed. The site for the construction was reported contaminated, although this might appear not to be a project management challenge, it is important to understand the project managerial resonance this might generate due to uncertainties ascribed. The selection of a procurement strategy is always a challenge for projects in a multi project environment. The OGC advises that the procurement of contractor should be on the basis of whole-life value for money. The design and operation of the facility should maximize the delivery of effective service and this is most likely to be achieved through integration of design, construction, operation and on-going maintenance (OGC, 2007). In the Olympic stadium case study, a consortium was formed and proved a substantial factor in the mitigation of the project risks. It is important to mention resources management (void of cost) as a key challenge. One of the aims spelt out in the London 2012 sustainability policy document is to demonstrate an exemplary resource management practice (TOB, 2007). As a result resource utilization was minimized to achieve energy and environmental sustainability and project manager had to make tough decisions during construction. GUIDELINES FOR THE 2012 OLYMPIC STADIUM H. Kerzner (1994, p. 43) wrote, [t]he success of a project is best determined by its ability to deliver within the specified time, cost, desired performance and technology level whilst utilizing the resources effectively and efficiently. If an organization is to be successful in the delivery of its projects, it is essential to establish standards by which those projects are selected, managed and delivered. And these standards must be consistent with the organizations strategic plans (Maxs, 2009). Therefore, a step-by-step recommendation for establishing consistent successful performance for the management of the 2012 Olympic stadium can be outlined as follows; Plan and understand the project lifecycle. A standard set of project phases, stages and typical milestones required by the organisations management to enable the consistent structuring and cost-effective processing of the organisations project. (Maxs- Issacons, 2000). Align your resources independently with each phase of the project lifecycle. Selecting a procurement strategy that best suites the project characteristics. Wright wrote, the selection of a contract and contractor are influenced by the nature of parties involve, the project objectives, and the equitable allocation of responsibilities and risk, amongst other factors. (N.J Smith, 2002) Establish a control over the project ensuring that a system of reporting, allocating responsibilities and quality assessment is well defined. Bower wrote that the purpose of control is to ensure that the projects status is reported in a consistent, cost effective and timely manner to the project manager, so that necessary action can be taken. (N.J Smith, 2002) Ensure that plans are understood by all team members and constant updates of the plans are frequently done. J.P Lewis (2000) wrote, It would be nice to think that a plan, once developed, will never change. However, that is unrealistic. Unforeseen problems are almost certain to arise. The most important thing is plan, re-plan and re-plan. Continually assess risks. It is helpful to try to categorise the risks associated with the project both as a guide to identification, and to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate risk-management strategy. (N.J Smith, 2002) Manage the impact of stakeholder involvement in the project. Although they appear as indirect players in the project environment, the stakeholders impact on the success of the project. Therefore managing their impact is vital to every successful project. Setting delivery milestones dates for the various facets of the project and having a work breakdown structure helps to identify critical paths and activity duration. This is a must have for the Olympic stadium project. CONCLUSION In this report, we have categorised the project management challenges highlighted in the group presentation. In the categorisation, I have pointed out that while some groups utilized a framework for identifying the challenges, other groups mentioned the challenges under two main categories, strategic management and operational risks. In critically analysing the challenges mentioned, it would appear that selecting a framework for evaluating the risks is indeed a good practice. It is now obvious that a proper understanding of project peculiarities help to reveal challenges. While all groups were speculative about the challenges categorising the challenges would have help to further identify peculiar risks and challenges requiring the formulation of a risks management strategy. The best practice for construction management refers to tools, techniques and guidelines that have proved effective over a wide range of construction management projects. And again this report has utilized a typical project lifecycle framework to outline the necessary elements required at each phase of a project. The assessment of risk and uncertainties was a process repeated in most phases of a project lifecycle because in actual sense the entire functions of a project manage revolves around his ability to provide resolutions to those uncertainties that eventually become a challenge in the implementation of a project. The importance of planning was also emphasised at every phase of the project and planning does not seize until the project has been delivered to time, budget and quality. In the 2012 Olympic case study, differentiating the stadium construction project from a single project and identifying it as belonging to a multiply project environment reveals the need to adopt a different strategies. However, some elements of an established best practice such as value management and risk management would generally be applied successfully. To successfully Identifying the challenges, a review of the facts about the project is necessary as the magnitude and true nature of challenges become obvious. Then finally based on the characteristics of the project identified, lessons learnt and a review of the best practices, eight sets of guidelines were develop for the 2012 Olympic stadium project.